In the United States in the early 1800’s, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States controlled manufacturing, banking, mining and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes（收费关卡）, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.
　　In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct restricting activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and difference between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on drug dealers, innkeepers and retail merchants of various kinds. The goods of trade generally came under state inspection and such important raw material as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by business.
　　Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the region, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasing easy term, with a summit in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs（关税） that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.
1.What does the passage mainly discuss？
　　A. States rights versus federal rights.
　　B. The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike construction.
　　C. The roles of state and federal government in the economy of the nineteenth century.
　　D. Restricting activity by state government.
2.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and railroads were ______.
　　A. built with money that came from the federal government
　　B. much more expensive to build than they had been previously
　　C. built predominantly in the western part of the country
　　D. sometimes built in part by state companies
3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Homestead Act of 1862？
　　A. It increased the money supply in the West.
　　B. It was a law first passed by state government in the West.
　　C. It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.
　　D. It established tariffs in a number of regions.
4.Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government in the nineteenth century？
　　A. Control of the manufacture of gunpowder.
　　B. Determining the conditions under which individuals worked.
　　C. Regulation of the supply of money.
　　D. Inspection of new homes built on western lands.

  Guitar Lessons for Guitar Players

Playing the same things over and over again when you pick up the guitar? Teaching yourself for years but you hit a wall? Don’t know what to do next? Whether you’re a total beginner, or an old guitar player, we’ll get you working on something you can benefit from. I’m a professional teacher, over 30 students at my studio in downtown Berkeley and several music schools in San Francisco, Alameda, and Mountain

View.

No matter what style you’re into, I guarantee there are songs by your favourite bands that you could learn.

Call at 510-333-9091 or e-mail at blueschool147@gmail.com

Dance Classes for Students 2.5 Through Adults

Motion Dance Center in Martinez is now accepting registration(注册 )for all dance classes. There are classes offered in Jazz, Tap, Ballet, Hip-hop, Contemporary and Cheerleading. Classes run like the school year Sep. through June. Prices are very reasonable at only $45 a month. That’s for a one-hour class once a week for a month. This studio is known for their younger child program. We are always looking for talented instructors too. If you want more information call Deena at 925-229-5678.

Qi Gong with Angie

Qi Gong is the perfect activity for anyone at any age. It combines gentle movement and meditation( 冥想),　 breathing regulation and relaxation. The exercises are designed to reduce stress and anxiety and improve blood and energy circulation(  循环) throughout the body, therefore increasing immune   (免疫的) function, improving energy levels and sleep.

Thousands of Qi Gong lovers around the world have experienced the extraordinary benefits of this gentle, ancient Chinese exercise form and are healthier and happier for it. Join us to experience the benefits for yourself!

WHEN: Tuesdays from noon----1pm

WHERE: Halanda Studio 1062 Lincoln Avenue, San Jose, CA 95125

COST: $12 per class drop – in ( 即到即学的) or $45 for a pre-paid set of 4 classes

CONTACT: Angie at angie@lokahiacupuncture.com, 408-887-6000

1.The purpose of the first advertisement is to _______.

2.Who will probably contact 510-333-9091?

3.Sarah and Jessey decide to attend the dance classes for six months. They each will have to pay  _________ .

4.According to Angie, the Qi Gong exercise is _______.

  Guitar Lessons for Guitar Players
Playing the same things over and over again when you pick up the guitar? Teaching yourself for years but you hit a wall? Don’t know what to do next? Whether you’re a total beginner, or an old guitar player, we’ll get you working on something you can benefit from. I’m a professional teacher, over 30 students at my studio in downtown Berkeley and several music schools in San Francisco, Alameda, and Mountain
View.
No matter what style you’re into, I guarantee there are songs by your favourite bands that you could learn.
Call at 510-333-9091 or e-mail at blueschool147@gmail.com
Dance Classes for Students 2.5 Through Adults
Motion Dance Center in Martinez is now accepting registration(注册 )for all dance classes. There are classes offered in Jazz, Tap, Ballet, Hip-hop, Contemporary and Cheerleading. Classes run like the school year Sep. through June. Prices are very reasonable at only $45 a month. That’s for a one-hour class once a week for a month. This studio is known for their younger child program. We are always looking for talented instructors too. If you want more information call Deena at 925-229-5678.
Qi Gong with Angie
Qi Gong is the perfect activity for anyone at any age. It combines gentle movement and meditation( 冥想),　 breathing regulation and relaxation. The exercises are designed to reduce stress and anxiety and improve blood and energy circulation(  循环) throughout the body, therefore increasing immune   (免疫的) function, improving energy levels and sleep.
Thousands of Qi Gong lovers around the world have experienced the extraordinary benefits of this gentle, ancient Chinese exercise form and are healthier and happier for it. Join us to experience the benefits for yourself!
WHEN: Tuesdays from noon----1pm
WHERE: Halanda Studio 1062 Lincoln Avenue, San Jose, CA 95125
COST: $12 per class drop – in ( 即到即学的) or $45 for a pre-paid set of 4 classes
CONTACT: Angie at angie@lokahiacupuncture.com, 408-887-6000
【小题1】The purpose of the first advertisement is to _______.

　　In the United States in the early 1800’s, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States controlled manufacturing, banking, mining and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes（收费关卡）, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

　　In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct restricting activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and difference between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on drug dealers, innkeepers and retail merchants of various kinds. The goods of trade generally came under state inspection and such important raw material as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by business.

　　Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the region, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasing easy term, with a summit in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs（关税） that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.

1.What does the passage mainly discuss？

　　A. States rights versus federal rights.

　　B. The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike construction.

　　C. The roles of state and federal government in the economy of the nineteenth century.

　　D. Restricting activity by state government.

2.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and railroads were ______.

　　A. built with money that came from the federal government

　　B. much more expensive to build than they had been previously

　　C. built predominantly in the western part of the country

　　D. sometimes built in part by state companies

3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Homestead Act of 1862？

　　A. It increased the money supply in the West.

　　B. It was a law first passed by state government in the West.

　　C. It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.

　　D. It established tariffs in a number of regions.

4.Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government in the nineteenth century？

　　A. Control of the manufacture of gunpowder.

　　B. Determining the conditions under which individuals worked.

　　C. Regulation of the supply of money.

　　D. Inspection of new homes built on western lands.

For most people, shopping is still a matter of wandering down the street or loading a cart in a shopping mall. Soon, that will change. Electronic commerce is growing fast and will soon bring people more choices. There will, however, be a cost: protecting the consumer from fraud will be harder. Many governments therefore want to extend high street regulations to the electronic world. But politicians would be wiser to see cyberspace as a basis for a new era of corporate self-regulation.
　　Consumers in rich countries have grown used to the idea that the government takes responsibility for everything from the stability of the banks to the safety of the drugs, or their rights to refund when goods are faulty. But governments cannot enforce national laws on businesses whose only presence in their country is on the screen. Other countries have regulators, but the rules of consumer protection differ, as does enforcement. Even where a clear right to compensation exists, the online catalogue customer in Tokyo, say, can hardly go to New York to extract a refund for a dud purchase.
　　One answer is for governments to cooperate more: to recognize each other’s rules. But that requires years of work and volumes of detailed rules. And plenty of countries have rules too fanciful for sober states to accept. There is, however, an alternative. Let the electronic businesses do the “regulation” themselves. They do, after all, have a self-interest in doing so.
　　In electronic commerce, a reputation for honest dealing will be a valuable competitive asset. Governments, too, may compete to be trusted. For instance, customers ordering medicines online may prefer to buy from the United States because they trust the rigorous screening of the Food and Drug Administration; or they may decide that the FDA’s rules are too strict, and buy from Switzerland instead.
Consumers will need to use their judgment. But precisely because the technology is new, electronic shoppers are likely for a while to be a lot more cautious than consumers of the normal sort---and the new technology will also make it easier for them to complain noisily when a company lets them down. In this way, at least, the advent of cyberspace may argue for fewer consumer protection laws, not more.
【小题1】According to the author, what will be the best policy for electronic commerce?