The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.

In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented (导向的) view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind / body / spirit) and not just in physical terms.

The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but also health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), it was of little benefit to people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or who had little control over the conditions of their daily life.

During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.

At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:

Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension (尺度) of the quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)

1.From the passage, we can infer that _________.

2.In the late 1940s, if you ___________, that meant you were healthy. 

3.        of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyle approach to health. 

4.The socio-ecological view of health includes the following broad areas EXCEPT ________.

5.This passage mainly tells us that                 .  

After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a special student. An illness had kept the boy home, but he had expressed an interest in meeting me. I was told it would mean a great deal to him, so I agreed.
During the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something about Matthew. He had muscular dystrophy (肌萎缩症). When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen. He wanted to meet me because I was a gold-medal power lifter, and I knew about overcoming obstacles and going for my dreams.
I spent over an hour talking to Matthew. Never once did he complain or ask, “Why me?” He spoke about winning and succeeding and going for his dreams. Obviously, he knew what he was talking about. He didn’t mention that his classmates had made fun of him because he was different. He just talked about his hopes for the future, and how one day he wanted to lift weights with me. When we had finished talking, I went to my briefcase and pulled out the first gold medal I had won and put it around his neck. I told him he was more of a winner and knew more about success and overcoming obstacles than I ever would. He looked at it for a moment, then took it off and handed it back to me. He said, “You are a champion. You earned that medal. Someday when I get to the Olympics and win my own medal, I will show it to you.”
Last summer I received a letter from Matthew’s parents telling me that Matthew had passed away. They wanted me to have a letter he had written to me a few days before:
Dear Dick,
My mum said I should send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to let you know that the doctors tell me that I don’t have long to live any more, but I still smile as much as I can.
I told you someday that I would go to the Olympics and win a gold medal, but I know now I will never get to do that. However, I know I’m a champion, and God knows that too. When I get to Heaven, God will give me my medal and when you get there, I will show it to you. Thank you for loving me.
Your friend,
Matthew
【小题1】The underlined sentence in the third paragraph probably means that_______.

This year I decided to do something to regain my good name as a kindly uncle. My  36    Tony,had never forgiven me for the dictionary I had bought him as a birthday present last year. His  37  had no reason to be thankful to me either,because the year before, I had   38   their dear son with a pot of paste(浆糊) and some funny pictures. Instead of   39    them into a book, Tony had naturally covered every wall in the house with them. This year,   40  , I decided to let him  41   for himself.

  We went into a big shop,but Tony was very particular about   42   . Although I tried to show him toy after toy,he was not to be   43  . Then I saw he suddenly became  44  ; he had discovered something he really liked: a large tin dram. I was quite happy too   45     I thought what Tony’s mother would say when she saw it. Nobody would get any    46    for weeks! I led Tony away   47  , saying that the dram was too expensive.

   Tony asked for permission to go off    48     and I made the most of my chance to sit down end    49    my aching feet. Fifteen minutes passed but there was still no sign of Tony. I began to get   50    and got up to look for him. I asked a young lady if she had seen a little boy in a grey suit. She looked    51    her helplessly and pointed out that there were so many   52

in grey suits. I was just going to call the police for help,when I saw a strange   53   dressed in strange orange clothes. He was wearing a false beard and had a caveman’s axe(斧子)in one hand,and a space gun in the other. It was, of course,Tony, who informed me  54    that he was the first   55   to fly into space.

1.A. cousin         B. daughter          C. grandson          D. nephew

2.A. friends       B. parents           C. classmates       D. brothers

3.A. presented      B. annoyed          C. confused         D. occupied

4.A. entering       B. dividing         C. sticking          D. drawing

5. A. anyhow       B. though          C. again             D. therefore

6.A. guess        B. choose           C. pay             D. see

7.A. sweets        B. toys           C. clothes          D. books

8. A. pleased   B. disturbed        C. accepted         D. disappointed

9. A. surprised     B. hopeful          C. patient          D. excited

10. A. after            B. until            C. unless           D. since

11.A. shock           B. trouble          C. peace           D. time

12.A. happily         B. eagerly        C. cautiously       D. quickly

13.A. on his own   B. in his way      C. now and then      D. more or less

14.A. drag           B. rest.           C. lay              D. step

15. A. 8shamed        B. angry           C. worried          D. doubtful

16.A. about           B. to             C. at               D. across

17.A. young ladies  B. new customers   C. loving parents     D. small boys

18.A. figure          B. actor           C. man            D. doll

19.A. on time        B. at once          C. just now         D. once again

20.A. policeman       B. spaceman        C. caveman       D. postman

It was _____ of you not to play the piano while I was asleep.

A  modest    B familiar    C considerable    D considerate

短文改错 (共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
Recently I read an article in a magazine. It was of a mother who was worried about his son just because of he always kept his hair long. The mother thought that was not right, but the son felt there was nothing unusually about it. Different generations have different opinions on the same thing. That is what is meaning by “ the generation gap”. We can see them in our daily lives. Most of our parents like listening to old song while young people prefer pop songs. Every time my father finds me listen to rock music, he always shouted, “Shut it off. It’s awful!” How can we deal the generation gap?