A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed to radiation this way．

A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.

The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.

The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:

·Normal mental activity.

·No swelling in the back of the head.

·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)

·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.

Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.

For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar ——except there should be no loss of consciousness, no vomiting（呕吐） and no severe headache. 

 Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.

It often takes young people longer than adults to recover from a concussion. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play. More than one million cases of concussion are reported each year in the United States alone. A congressional committee has called a hearing Wednesday to discuss legal issues related to head injuries in football.

The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans

    A．were likely to suffer brain injuries

    B．wouldn't have normal mental activity

    C．would lose consciousness now and then   

    D．were likely to develop cancer

For patients from two to eight, the guidelines are similar to the ones for children under two except___________.

 A. there is normal mental activity.

B. there is no swelling in the back of the head.

C. there is no feeling of a broken bone in the skull.

D. there should be no loss of consciousness

What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?

    A．Texting is harmful to patients’ recovery from concussions．

    B．Patients with brain injuries can play many sports．

    C．Adults need a longer time than teens to recover from concussions．

    D．It takes at least a year for individuals with brain injuries to fully recover．

The author of the passage mainly___．

    A．describes the risks of brain injuries

    B．suggests CT scans are of practical use

    C．tells us about the risks of brain injury tests

    D．argues against new guidelines for concussions

A person named Bernard Jackson today is a free man, but he has many bitter memories. He spent five years in prison after a jury (陪审团) wrongly convicted (判处……有罪) him of raping two women. At Jackson’s trial, although two witnesses testified that Jackson was with them in another location at the time of the crime, he was convicted anyway. Why? The jury believed the testimony (证词) of the two victims, who positively identified Jackson as the man who had attacked them. The court eventually freed Jackson after the police found the real criminal.

Many factors influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. For instance, witnesses sometimes see photographs of several suspects before they try to identify the person they saw in a group of people. They can become confused by seeing many photographs of similar faces. The number of people in the group, and whether it is a person or a photograph, my also affect a witness’s decision. People sometimes have difficulty identifying people of other races. The questions the police ask witnesses also have an effect on them.

Many people believe that police officers are more reliable than ordinary people. Psychologists decided to test this idea, and they discovered that it is not true. Two psychologists showed a film of crimes to both police officers and civilians. The psychologists found no difference between the police and the civilians in correctly remembering the details of the crimes.

Despite all the possibilities for inaccuracy, courts cannot omit eyewitness testimony from a trial. American courts depend almost completely on eyewitness testimony to resolve (决定) court cases. Sometimes it is the only evidence to a crime, such as rape. Furthermore, eyewitness testimony is often correct. Although people do sometimes make mistakes, and convict innocent people, more importantly, eyewitness testimony has rightly convicted a larger number of guilty people.

American courts depend on the ability of the twelve jurors, and not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the witness’s testimony. It is their responsibility to decide if a certain witness could actually see, hear and remember what happened.

Bernard Jackson was found guilty and sentenced 5 years’ prison because           .

    A．the victims insisted that he was the attacker

    B．the admitted the crime of raping two women

    C．the police discovered evidence leading to his guilt

    D．the eyewitness proved the victims’ testimony

The following statements may be the reasons for why sometimes the eyewitness’ testimony is not accurate EXCEPT          .

    A．the eyewitness is confused by the police’s questions

    B．the eyewitness is shown photos of many similar faces

    C．the eyewitness lacks the professional help from police

    D．the eyewitness can’t identify people of other races clearly

．An inaccurate eyewitness testimony may lead to         .

    A．the misunderstanding of the case B．the disbelief in the court

    C．the disrespect for the eyewitness    D．the conviction of an innocent person

Eyewitness testimony is important because         .

    A．it can be relied on to detect criminals in all cases.

    B．it is sometimes the only way to resolve court cases.

    C．it is sometimes the only clue for police investigation.

    D．it is more reliable than physical evidences to a crime.

According to the text, we can infer that           .

    A．eyewitness testimony is valuable, though sometimes incorrect.

    B．police identification is more reliable than that of the ordinary people

    C．crime victims often fail to give positive identification of the suspects

    D．the jury relies on the judge than the eyewitness for a decision

A popular student in her small high school, Katie started college expecting to do well in her courses and be best friends with her roommates. But things didn’t turn out that way. Psych 101, the course she thought would be a first-semester favorite, turned out to be a struggle. And her roommates were as different from Katie as the student restaurant’s mystery meat was from her mom’s roasted pork.

Living away from home tends to be the toughest adjustment for first-year students. You may feel homesick in your first weeks or months. It can help to call, write, or email your parents and friends making them know how you’re doing. You can also talk with your roommates. As first-year students themselves, they’re probably experiencing many of the same fears and worries that you’re dealing with.

But what if you don’t get along well with your roommates?

In some cases, it can be a good thing if you and your roommates aren’t much alike. Different views on things may be helpful, so respect your differences no matter what.

If you and your roommates don’t get along well, it can help to find someone who you feel does understand you, which should be easy on a campus with so many people. Many schools have student organization nights where all of the campus clubs gather and promote their organizations, so you can meet people with the same interests there as you. You’ll also meet tons of people in class or in your dorm building.

As homesickness, painful throats, sprained (扭伤的) ankles and wisdom teeth that act up are common among college students, you should check out your student guidebook or your school’s website to find out information about the university health center.

If you think you cannot deal with your problems, make a stop at the school counseling (咨询) center. First-year troubles are something the counselors know well. You can get help there.

From Paragraph 1 we can infer that ____.

A. Katie had been worried about the changes before starting her college life

B. Katie felt satisfied when her college life started

C. Katie wasn’t used to the new environment in college at first

D. Katie has fallen behind in her study after the first semester in college

What’s the author’s suggestion on dealing with homesickness?

A. Adjust to it.

B. Share fears and worries with your parents.

C. Talk to your roommates about it.

D. Get along with your roommates.

Which of the following ways of dealing with roommates is RIGHT?

A. Not trying to change them.

B. Not making friends with them.

C. Developing the same interests as them

D. Not talking with them.

What’s the main idea of the text?

A. Freshmen may meet many problems.

B. Communication is important in college.

C. How you can adjust to your first year in college.

D. How schools help freshmen to get used to college life.

D

    Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

    Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

    Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

    To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

    “We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.

According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.

    A. the visitors to his office         B. the psychology lessons he has

    C. his physical feeling of coldness   D. the things he has bought online

The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that ______.

    A. adults should develop social skills     B. babies need warm physical contact

    C. caregivers should be healthy adults    D. monkeys have social relationships

In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to ______.

    A. evaluate someone’s personality        B. write down their hypotheses

C. fill out a personal information form

   D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

We can infer from the passage that ______.

    A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

    B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

    C. physical temperature affects how we see others

    D. capable persons are often cold to others

What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.

 B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.

    C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.

    D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.

A

The choice to adopt and hold gratefulness is the one that is different from those who suffer misfortune and those who enjoy a full life.

My mother died when I was 24. It was a very difficult time in my life — everything seemed to fall apart. I lost my job, and then my utilities were turned off. I had to take cold showers for six months. A neighbor who knew about my situation came to my house and made me an offer. I took care of her children as a job, and I no longer went hungry. I was surprised that someone would trust me — a young woman with her children. And it was with the very confidence that before long I began taking care of other people’s children, too. I have since moved 300 miles from Boise, Idaho. For more than 23 years I have made every effort to reach out to all the kind-hearted people who helped me when I was down and out. Without their trust, I don’t know what I would have done. I am very involved in my community and volunteer at the local food bank, and I help out whenever I can. I’d like to owe what I am to whoever has offered me generosity.

If you are grateful for what you already have, the world will work together to give you more to be grateful for. Otherwise, the world will give you more to complain about.

Moreover, the true master learns to be grateful, in advance, for the things that are desired, because, being grateful in advance for some attainment or accomplishment does two very important things: one…it tricks your subconscious into believing that the goal is certain and two…it convinces other people, with whom you must interact to achieve your desires, that you know what you are about, that you are a winner, not a whiner (哀诉者).

The underlined word “utilities” refers to __________ in the passage.

    A. water and gas supplies                  B. gas and electricity supplies

    C. shower equipment and water supply       D. heating and TV signals

The writer was grateful mainly for ___________.

        A. his neighbor’s donation        B. his community   

    C. having got the job       D. others’ trust

The writer’s personal story in the second paragraph tells us that __________.

        A. to be grateful will get you nowhere but away from home

        B. a grateful person is most likely to be successful

        C. we need to be grateful to be helpful and useful

        D. the fragrance (芳香) stays in the hand that gives the rose

The best title for the passage would be ____________.

        A. A Thank-You Note to Trusting Neighbor       

        B. You Are a Winner, Not a Whiner

        C. Be Grateful to Life in Advance     

        D. Gratefulness Brings a Great Fullness to Life