Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

     The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

[A]. Philosophy of mathematics.              [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.

[C]. The Verification of Facts.                [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.

According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is

[A]. the similarity between the two periods.

[B]. that it was an act of God.

[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.

[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.

     The difference between “fact” and “theory”

[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.

[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.

[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.

[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.

     According to the author, mathematics is

[A]. an inductive science.           [B]. in need of simple verification.

[C]. a deductive science.            [D]. based on fact and theory.

     The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.

[A]. a metaphor.                  [B]. a paradox.

[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.

[D]. a pun.

第二节：信息匹配（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）

请阅读下列应用文及相关信息，并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。

以下是个人求职广告信息：

A. My name is Cheney. I have a genuine interest in providing technical interpretation services (English and Chinese) on a part time-basis. Currently I am working at one of fortune 500 companies in Shanghai on a full-time basis. However I would be really interested if there are opportunities for me to work on the weekends or part-time positions available.

B. Hello everyone, currently I am looking for part time job in Shanghai especially in Changning District, I am Indonesian, fluent in English and I can speak Chinese, learn Chinese for 2 years, and learn English for my whole life.

C. Hello. I'm Marcos from Washington, D.C and am currently in Shanghai for work. I am offering tutoring services in order to help you improve your oral English. I have over 2 years of experience teaching at the university level and am also TEFL certified. I have bachelor degrees in Economics, Finance, and German. I currently am working on my master's degree in field of Management Information Systems. I enjoy teaching especially to those who want to learn. I'm patient, friendly, and a very humorous guy! I love sports, movies, politics, business and most topics of choice.

D. Well, I am Canadian who is currently studying in Shanghai, and I would like to find part time jobs during my spare time. I am fluent in Mandarin and English, and had experience in teaching primary pupils before.

E. Experienced teacher / lecturer teaching French (as native speaker) and business English in a prestigious university in Shanghai looking to tutor students or doing translation jobs. I am fluent in French, English and Mandarin, conversant in German and Cantonese. Available to teach on the evenings or week ends.

F. Your Nice Personal Tour Guide & Shopping Assistant & Interpreter with 3 years' experience. I can formulate a gorgeous tour plan for you according to your interests and arrange everything well. Besides, I can help you bargaining and getting the lowest prices

以下是一些读者的信息，请匹配与它们所对应的广告。

56. I will study Economics in the USA next year. I need a tutor who is patient and easy-going to help me improve my oral English before I go.

57. My son is now in Grade 6. He is weak in English, so I want a native speaker to help him. Experience needed.

58. We’re from UK and stay in Shanghai for four days. We need an excellent local guide to arrange our tour as we like.

59. We have many students from foreign countries, especially France in our college. We need an experienced teacher, who can understand them well, to give them business English lectures in the evening.

60. We need a professional interpreter who knows about advanced technology in IT. Salary is high. Ether part time or full time is OK.

第二节：信息匹配（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）

请阅读下列应用文及相关信息，并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。

以下是个人求职广告信息：

       A. My name is Cheney. I have a genuine interest in providing technical interpretation services (English and Chinese) on a part time-basis. Currently I am working at one of fortune 500 companies in Shanghai on a full-time basis. However I would be really interested if there are opportunities for me to work on the weekends or part-time positions available.

B. Hello everyone, currently I am looking for part time job in Shanghai especially in Changning District, I am Indonesian, fluent in English and I can speak Chinese, learn Chinese for 2 years, and learn English for my whole life.

C. Hello. I'm Marcos from Washington, D.C and am currently in Shanghai for work. I am offering tutoring services in order to help you improve your oral English. I have over 2 years of experience teaching at the university level and am also TEFL certified. I have bachelor degrees in Economics, Finance, and German. I currently am working on my master's degree in field of Management Information Systems. I enjoy teaching especially to those who want to learn. I'm patient, friendly, and a very humorous guy! I love sports, movies, politics, business and most topics of choice.

D. Well, I am Canadian who is currently studying in Shanghai, and I would like to find part time jobs during my spare time. I am fluent in Mandarin and English, and had experience in teaching primary pupils before.

E. Experienced teacher / lecturer teaching French (as native speaker) and business English in a prestigious university in Shanghai looking to tutor students or doing translation jobs. I am fluent in French, English and Mandarin, conversant in German and Cantonese. Available to teach on the evenings or week ends.

F. Your Nice Personal Tour Guide & Shopping Assistant & Interpreter with 3 years' experience. I can formulate a gorgeous tour plan for you according to your interests and arrange everything well. Besides, I can help you bargaining and getting the lowest prices

以下是一些读者的信息，请匹配与它们所对应的广告。

56. I will study Economics in the USA next year. I need a tutor who is patient and easy-going to help me improve my oral English before I go.

57. My son is now in Grade 6. He is weak in English, so I want a native speaker to help him. Experience needed.

58. We’re from UK and stay in Shanghai for four days. We need an excellent local guide to arrange our tour as we like.

59. We have many students from foreign countries, especially France in our college. We need an experienced teacher, who can understand them well, to give them business English lectures in the evening.

60. We need a professional interpreter who knows about advanced technology in IT. Salary is high. Ether part time or full time is OK.

第二节：信息匹配（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）

请阅读下列应用文及相关信息，并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。

以下是个人求职广告信息：

       A. My name is Cheney. I have a genuine interest in providing technical interpretation services (English and Chinese) on a part time-basis. Currently I am working at one of fortune 500 companies in Shanghai on a full-time basis. However I would be really interested if there are opportunities for me to work on the weekends or part-time positions available.

B. Hello everyone, currently I am looking for part time job in Shanghai especially in Changning District, I am Indonesian, fluent in English and I can speak Chinese, learn Chinese for 2 years, and learn English for my whole life.

C. Hello. I'm Marcos from Washington, D.C and am currently in Shanghai for work. I am offering tutoring services in order to help you improve your oral English. I have over 2 years of experience teaching at the university level and am also TEFL certified. I have bachelor degrees in Economics, Finance, and German. I currently am working on my master's degree in field of Management Information Systems. I enjoy teaching especially to those who want to learn. I'm patient, friendly, and a very humorous guy! I love sports, movies, politics, business and most topics of choice.

D. Well, I am Canadian who is currently studying in Shanghai, and I would like to find part time jobs during my spare time. I am fluent in Mandarin and English, and had experience in teaching primary pupils before.

E. Experienced teacher / lecturer teaching French (as native speaker) and business English in a prestigious university in Shanghai looking to tutor students or doing translation jobs. I am fluent in French, English and Mandarin, conversant in German and Cantonese. Available to teach on the evenings or week ends.

F. Your Nice Personal Tour Guide & Shopping Assistant & Interpreter with 3 years' experience. I can formulate a gorgeous tour plan for you according to your interests and arrange everything well. Besides, I can help you bargaining and getting the lowest prices

以下是一些读者的信息，请匹配与它们所对应的广告。

56. I will study Economics in the USA next year. I need a tutor who is patient and easy-going to help me improve my oral English before I go.

57. My son is now in Grade 6. He is weak in English, so I want a native speaker to help him. Experience needed.

58. We’re from UK and stay in Shanghai for four days. We need an excellent local guide to arrange our tour as we like.

59. We have many students from foreign countries, especially France in our college. We need an experienced teacher, who can understand them well, to give them business English lectures in the evening.

60. We need a professional interpreter who knows about advanced technology in IT. Salary is high. Ether part time or full time is OK.