题目内容

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

     The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

[A]. Philosophy of mathematics.              [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.

[C]. The Verification of Facts.                [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.

According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is

[A]. the similarity between the two periods.

[B]. that it was an act of God.

[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.

[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.

     The difference between “fact” and “theory”

[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.

[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.

[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.

[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.

     According to the author, mathematics is

[A]. an inductive science.           [B]. in need of simple verification.

[C]. a deductive science.            [D]. based on fact and theory.

     The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.

[A]. a metaphor.                  [B]. a paradox.

[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.

[D]. a pun.

【小题1】D

【小题2】B

【小题3】A

【小题4】C

【小题5】B


解析:

【小题1】科学研究/探索的方法。文章一开始就提出问题,为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢,而后的两百年又超越了前人,是应用新,旧方法关系还是其它(见难句译注1,2)。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法,而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘,经仔细审核,难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察,通过分析,综合,或综合分析,归纳演绎推理,有可能的话,经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察,实验;忽略相关事实,推理不慎;不能答出理论的结论,再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全,不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效,通过什么方式方法,超越了前人,更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的原因。第四,五段涉及事实和理论的关系。

A. 数学的哲学,文内没有提。        B. 近来科学的发展。       C. 事实的验证,只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。

【小题2】B. 是上天的安排,这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译注4,第一段最后一句话。

A. 两个阶段的相似性。      . 两者都试图应用归纳法。      D. 由于演绎法的衰落。

【小题3】A. 后者需要证实。答案在第四,五段,死段试图在事实的对立面和理论,或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘,也会因模糊不清遭批评。因为,对立面不全面,事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论,如果是真正的理论,就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实,一般复杂,但仍是事实。而事实,从词的狭义来说,如果很复杂,如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系,就具有理论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句,事实是一个提议,通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论,若是真理论,就有事实的一切特性(除非其证实只能通过非直接的,遥远的和困难的方式方法),把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实,理论因此具有事实的一切特性。

B. 前者简单。         C. 是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。         D. 帮助我们了解演绎法,三项都不对。

【小题4】C. 是推理演绎科学,这个问题常识就能回答。

A. 归纳法科学。        B. 需要简单证实。           D. 基于事实和理论。

【小题5】     B. 是一个悖论,见第四,五段注释。

A. 比喻。      C. 对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。        D. 双关语。

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I was in a terrible mood. Two of my friends had gone to the movies the night before and hadn’t invited me.I was in my room thinking of ways to make them sorry when my father came in. “Want to go for a ride,today,Beck? It’s a beautiful day.”

         “No ! Leave me alone!” Those were the last words I said to him that morning.

         My friends called and invited me to go to the mall with them a few hours later.I forgot to be mad at them and when I came home to find a note on the table. My mother put it where I would be sure to see it. “Dad has had an accident. Please meet us at Highland Park Hospital”.

    When I reached the hospital,my mother came out and told me my father’s injuries were extensive.“ Your lather told the driver to leave him alone and just call 911,thank God! If he had moved Daddy,there’s no telling what might have happened.A broken rib(肋骨)might have pierced(穿透)a lung….”

         My mother may have said more,but I didn’t hear.I didn’t hear anything except those terrible words:Leave me alone.My dad said them to save himself from being hurt more.How much had I hurt him when I hurled those words at him earlier in the day?

    It was several days later that he was finally able to have a conversation.I held his hand gently, afraid of hurting him.

         “Daddy… I am so sorry….”

“It’s okay,sweetheart.I'll be okay.”

         “No,”I said,“I mean about what I said to you that day.You know, that morning?”

         My father could no more tell a lie than he could fly.He looked at me and said.“Sweetheart, I don’t remember anything about that day,  not before,during or after the accident.I remember kissing you goodnight the night before,though.”He managed a weak smile.

    My English teacher once told me that words have immeasurable power.They can hurt or they can heal.And we all have the power to choose our words. I intend to do that very carefully from now on.

1.The author was in bad mood that morning because        .

    A.his father had a terrible accident

    B.he couldn’t drive to the mall with his friends

    C.his friends hadn’t invited him to the cinema

    D.his father didn’t allow him to go out with his friends

2.Why did the author say sorry to his father in the hospital?

         A.Because he didn’t go along with his father.

         B.Because he was rude to his father that morning.

         C.Because he failed to come earlier after the accident.

         D.Because he couldn’t look after his father in the hospital

3.The reason why the author’s father said he forgot everything about that day is that     .

         A.he had a poor memory             B.he didn’t wanted to comfort his son

         C.he just wanted to comfort his son    D.he lost his memory after the accident

4.What lesson did Beck learn from the matter?

         A.Don’t treat your parents badly.

         B.Don’t hurt others with rude words.

         C.Don’t move the injured in an accident.

         D.Don’t be angry with friends at small things

 

The wedding between Prince Wiliam and Kate Middleton on April 29 has focused the world’s camera lenses (镜头) on the UK.

In Britain, there is a constant debate about the relevance (相关性) of the royal family to modern British society. However, Windsor (the fam­ily name of the British Royal Family) and Middleton have been seen to represent a more modern, forward-looking nation.

Nigel Baker, the British ambassador to Bolivia, believes that the royal wedding is “about modern Britain”. “The estimated 2 billion spectators across the world will see that Britain is one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse nations in the world, home to 270 nationalities speaking 300 different languages, founded on tolerance and respect for difference,” wrote Baker on his blog.

According to Baker, the wedding could help viewers to see “why Britain is one of the most dynamic and creative countries in the world”: The television on which most people watched the event was invented by John Logie Baird, a Briton, and the World Wide Web that broadcast the event to millions more was invented by another Briton, Tim Berners-Lee.

 The guests who attended the wedding ceremony gave more than a few clues as to the nature of modern Britain. David and Victoria Beckham represent Britain’s obsession (着迷)with football and celebrity.

Leaders from different religious backgrounds supported Baker’s com­ments on the multicultural nature of modern British society.

Before the wedding, David Elliott, arts director of the British Council China, agreed that the wedding would be a showcase for modern Britain: “I think, and hope, that it (modern British influence) would be values like openness, multiculturalism, creativity, sense of humor and the traditional British sense of fair play,” he said.

Furthermore, events such as the Olympics in London in 2012 may also increase people’s sense of Britishness.

According to a poll published in Daily Telegraph, more than a third of people in the UK admitted they felt “very British” when watching the Olympics.

1..  What is the point of the article?

A. To introduce Prince William’s wedding arrangements in detail.

B. To comment on the significance of the royal wedding.

C. To question the relevance of the royal family in modern British society.

D. To explain why the royal wedding is linked with the 2012 Olympics.

2..  What can be concluded from the article?

A. Some say that the royal wedding is a reflection on modern Britain.

B Some think the royal wedding shows Britain’s multiculturalism and sense of fair play.

C.About 2 billion people across the world will see the wedding ceremony online.

D. Britons are obsessed with football due to the influence of David Beckham.

3..  Why is the inventor of the World Wide Web mentioned?

A. To inform readers about some well-known British inventors.

B. To point to the importance of the World Wide Web for the wedding.

C. In support of the idea that Britain is a nation of creative and original people.

D. To encourage people to watch the wedding on the Internet.

4..  According to the article, both the 2012 Olympics and the royal wedding         .

A. have increased the British sense of national identity

B. have promoted traditional British values

C. represent a more modern Britain

D. have encouraged the interest of Britons in Football

 

A Charlotte, N.C., man was charged with first-degree murder of a 79-year-old woman whom police said he scared to death. In an attempt to evade policemen after a bank robbery, the Associated Press reports that 20-year-old Larry Whitfield broke into the home of Mary Parnell. Police say he didn’t touch Parnell but that she died after suffering a heart attack that was caused by terror. Can the guy be held responsible for the woman’s death? Prosecutors(公诉人) said that he can under the state’s murder rule, which allows someone to be charged with murder if he or she causes another person’s death while committing or fleeing from a severe crime like robbery—even if he or she doesn’t kill someone on purpose.

But, medically speaking, can someone actually be frightened to death? We asked Martin Samuels, chairman of the neurology department at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.

Absolutely, no question about it.

The body has a natural protective method called the fight-or-flight response(战或逃反应), which was originally described by Walter Cannon,the chairman of Harvard University’s physiology department from 1906 to 1942. If, in the wild, an animal is faced with a life-threatening situation, the autonomic nervous system responds by increasing heart rate, increasing blood flow to the muscles, and slowing digestion, among other things. All of this increases the chances of succeeding in a fight or running away from an aggressive beast. This process certainly would be of help to primitive humans. However, in the modern world there is obvious decline of the fight-or-flight response.

The autonomic nervous system uses the chemical messenger to send signals to various parts of the body to activate the fight-or-flight response. This chemical is toxic in large amounts; it damages the organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. It is believed that almost all sudden deaths are caused by damage to the heart. There is almost no other organ that would fail so fast as to cause sudden death. Kidney failure, liver failure, those things don’t kill you suddenly.

By the way, any strong positive or negative emotions such as happiness or sadness can cause the same result. There are people who have died in intercourse or in religious passion. There was a case of a golfer who hit a hole in one, turned to his partner and said, “I can die now”, and then he dropped dead. For about seven days after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon there was an increase of sudden cardiac death among New Yorkers.

1. Why the Charlotte, N.C., man was charged?

A. Because he threatened the policemen to kill an old woman.

B. Because he caused an old woman’s terror and she died.

C. Because he beat an old woman and caused her heart attack

D. Because he murdered an old woman while robbing a bank.

2. Which of the following about the fight-or-flight response is true?

A. The fight-or-flight response was raised and proved by Martin A. Samuels.

B. It is a natural protective method that can’t be found in all creatures but humans.

C. The ancient humans had a superior fight-or-flight response than modern ones.

D. The fight-or-flight response is beneficial to both our actions and organs.

3.What activity can we infer is less likely to damage the organs?

A. Winning a big lottery.                   B. Missing a dead family.

C. Watching a horror movie.                 D. Listening to a sweet song.

4. The purpose of the passage is_________.

A. to explain why people will die of a heart attack

B. to offer some advice on protecting us from heart failure

C. to compare different kinds of feelings to cause a death

D. to show strong emotions can cause a sudden death

 

 

Move Earth – it’s no science fiction

LONDON – Scientists have found an unusual way to prevent our planet from overheating: move it to a cooler spot. All you have to do is send a few comets (彗星) in the direction of Earth, and its orbit will be changed. Our world will then be sent spinning into a safer, colder part of the solar system.

This idea for improving our climate comes from a group of US National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)engineers and American astronomers. They say their plan could add another six billion years to the useful lifetime of our planet—effectively doubling its working life.

The plan put forward by Dr Laughlin, and his colleagues Don Korycansky and Fred Adams ,needs carefully directing a comet or asteroid so that it passes close by our planet and sends some of its gravitational energy to Earth.

“Earth’s orbital speed would increase as a result and we would move to a higher orbit away from the Sun,” Laughlin said.

Engineers would then direct their comet so that it passed close to Jupiter or Saturn. The comet would pick up energy from one of these giant planets. Later its orbit would bring it back to Earth, and the process would be repeated. In the short term, the plan provides an ideal way to global warming, although the team was actually concerned with a much greater danger. The sun is certain to heat up in about a billion years and so “seriously compromise” our biosphere(生物圈)— by cooking us.

That’s why the group decided to try to save Earth.

The plan has one or two worrying aspects, however. For a start, space engineers would have to be very careful about how they directed their asteroid or comet towards Earth. The smallest miscalculation(误算)in orbit could fire it straight at Earth—with deadly consequences.

There is also the question of the Moon. As the current issue of Scientific American magazine points out, if Earth was pushed out of its current position it is “most likely the Moon would be stripped away from Earth,” it states. This would greatly change our planet’s climate.

1.What makes the scientists plan to move Earth?

       A.A few comets are moving to the direction of Earth.

       B.Earth’s working life is coming to an end soon.

       C.Earth will become too hot for mankind to keep alive.

       D.The moon is moving farther and farther away from Earth.

2.If the plan is successful, Earth will have a working life of ______years.

       A.12 billion            B.6 billion              C.18 billion            D.24 billion

3.What serious problems might the plan cause according to the passage?

       A.The comet might hit Earth and man might lose the moon.

       B.Earth might be moved too far away and man might be frozen to death.

       C.The comet might hit Jupiter or Saturn and never return to Earth.

       D.Earth’s working life might be greatly shortened.

4.What does the underlined word “compromise” mean?

       A.provide               B.benefit               C.share                   D.endanger

 

After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a special student. An illness had kept the boy home, but he had expressed an interest in meeting me. I was told it would mean a great deal to him, so I agreed.

During the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something about Matthew. He had muscular dystrophy (肌肉萎缩症). When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen. He wanted to meet me because I was a gold-medal power lifter, and I knew about overcoming obstacles and going for my dreams.

I spent over an hour talking to Matthew. Never once did he complain or ask, “Why me?” He spoke about winning and succeeding and going for his dreams. Obviously, he knew what he was talking about. He didn’t mention that his classmates had made fun of him because he was different. He just talked about his hopes for the future, and how one day he wanted to lift weights with me. When we had finished talking, I went to my briefcase and pulled out the first gold medal I had won and put it around his neck. I told him he was more of a winner and knew more about success and overcoming obstacles than I ever would. He looked at it for a moment, then took it off and handed it back to me. He said, “You are a champion. You earned that medal. Someday when I get to the Olympics and win my own medal, I will show it to you.”

Last summer I received a letter from Matthew’s parents telling me that Matthew had passed away. They wanted me to have a letter he had written to me a few days before:

Dear Dick,

My mum said I should send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to let you know that the doctors tell me that I don’t have long to live any more, but I still smile as much as I can.

I told you someday that I would go to the Olympics and win a gold medal, but I know now I will never get to do that. However, I know I’m a champion, and God knows that too. When I get to Heaven, God will give me my medal and when you get there, I will show it to you. Thank you for loving me.

Your friend,

Matthew

1.The boy looked forward to meeting the author because          .

A.he was also good at weight lifting

B.he wanted to get to the Olympics and win a medal

C.he was one of the author’s fans

D.he admired the author very much

2.The underlined sentence in the third paragraph probably means that_______.

A.the boy never complained about how unlucky he was to have this disease

B.the boy never complained about not being able to go to school

C.the boy never complained why the author had never come to see him before

D.the boy never complained about not getting a medal

3.Matthew didn’t accepted the author’s medal because           .

A.he thought it was too expensive

B.he was sure that he could win one in the future

C.he thought it was of no use to him as he would die soon

D.he would not be pitied by others

4.What would be the best title for this passage?

A.A sick boy.

B.A special friend

C.A real champion.

D.A famous athlete.

 

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