Even as Americans have been gaining weight, they have cut their average fat intake from 36 to 34 percent of their total diets in the past 15 years.  And indeed,  cutting fat  to control or lose weight makes sense. Fat has nine calories per gram. Protein and carbohydrates（碳水化合物） have just four. Moreover, the body uses fewer calories to metabolize fat than it does to metabolize other foods. Compared with protein and carbohydrates — which break down into amino acids and simple sugars, respectively, and can be used to strengthen and energize the body —— dietary fat is more easily converted to body fat. Therefore, it’s more likely to stay on buttocks, thighs and bellies.? 

But cutting fat from your diet doesn’t necessarily mean your body won’t store fat. For example, between nonfat and regular cookies, there’s trivial difference in calories because manufacturers make up for the loss of fat by adding sugar. Low-fat crackers, soups and dressings can also be just as high in calories as richer versions. No matter where the calories come from, overeating will still cause weight again. The calories from fat just do it a little quicker. A Wisconsin computer programmer who decided with a diet coach to eat only 40 grams of fat a day learned the lesson firsthand. He wasn’t losing weight. Then he showed his food diary to his coach and revealed he’d been eating half a pound of jelly beans a day. “They don’t have any fat,” he explains. But they had enough sugar to keep him from shedding an ounce. ? 

Nonfat foods become add-on foods. When we add them to our diet, we actually increase the number of calories we eat per day and gain weight. That was borne out in a Pennsylvania State University study. For breakfast, Prof. Barbara Rolls gave two groups of women yogurt（酵母乳） that contained exactly the same amount of calories. One group’s yogurt label said “high fat”—the other, “low fat.” The “low fat” yogurt group ate significantly more calories later in the day than the other group. “People think they’ve saved fat and can indulge themselves later in the day with no adverse consequences,” says Richard Mattes, a nutrition researcher at Purdue University. “But when they do that, they don’t compensate very precisely, and they often end up overdoing it.”

What lessons did the computer programme learn ?

A. Overeating will cause weight gain

B. He can eat half a pound of jellybeans a day

C. He can’t didn’t eat any fat

D. His coach gave him a lecture

Prof. Barbara’s ecperiement proved that _______________.

A. two groups ate the same amount of calories

B. two groups ate the same wmount of yogurt

C. the “ low fat” yogurt group ate more calories later in the day than the other group

D. people increase the number of calories they eat per day and gain group

According to the author ,________has less calories.

A. fat                      

B. protein and carbohydrates

C. low-fat soups             

D. sugar

What can you infer from the text ?

A. To keep from being overweight, people have to eat nofat food

B. The calories from fat just do it a little quicker than from protein and carbohydrates

C. People should avoid temptation

D. Americans realize that it is necessary to count calories before eating the food

　　Anderson worked in a small college．One afternoon, he was told to go to the station to meet a history professor named J．Maurice, who would be giving lectures in his college．Anderson had never met a professor coming from a university so far away．

　　When Anderson looked at the station clock it was ten to two．The train was already twenty minutes late．Walking up and down the platform（站台），he became more and more impatient（不耐烦）．

　　The train came at last, just when Anderson decided to leave the station．Only two people got out-an old farmer with his dog, and a young woman．

　　Anderson said to himself that obviously Professor J．Maurice had missed the train．Just as he was leaving the station, someone stopped him．He was surprised to see the young woman who had just got out of the train．

　　“Are you Mr Anderson?” she asked．

　　“Why, yes, ” he answered．

　　“I'm Jane Maurice．I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long．I was told you would be here to meet me．”

1．Mr Anderson was a ______．

[　　]

A．railway worker

B．college history teacher

C．worker at a small college

D．professor's secretary

2．Anderson went to the station to ______．

[　　]

A．wait for the arrival of 1∶50 train

B．meet a guest

C．take the 1∶30

D．see someone off

3．The train Prof．J．Maurice took ______．

[　　]

A．arrived at ten to two

B．arrived after ten to two

C．arrived at half past one

D．never arrived

4．Who made a mistake according to the passage?

[　　]

A．Prof．J．Maurice．

B．Anderson．

C．The old farmer with his dog．

D．The young woman passenger．

5．Which of the following statements is TRUE?

[　　]

A．Obviously Professor J．Maurice had missed the train．

B．Prof．J．Maurice had taken the wrong train．

C．Anderson thought Professor J．Maurice was a woman．

D．Prof．J．Maurice made an apology．

Even as Americans have been gaining weight, they have cut their average fat intake from 36 to 34 percent of their total diets in the past 15 years.  And indeed,  cutting fat  to control or lose weight makes sense. Fat has nine calories per gram. Protein and carbohydrates（碳水化合物） have just four. Moreover, the body uses fewer calories to metabolize fat than it does to metabolize other foods. Compared with protein and carbohydrates — which break down into amino acids and simple sugars, respectively, and can be used to strengthen and energize the body —— dietary fat is more easily converted to body fat. Therefore, it’s more likely to stay on buttocks, thighs and bellies.? 
But cutting fat from your diet doesn’t necessarily mean your body won’t store fat. For example, between nonfat and regular cookies, there’s trivial difference in calories because manufacturers make up for the loss of fat by adding sugar. Low-fat crackers, soups and dressings can also be just as high in calories as richer versions. No matter where the calories come from, overeating will still cause weight again. The calories from fat just do it a little quicker. A Wisconsin computer programmer who decided with a diet coach to eat only 40 grams of fat a day learned the lesson firsthand. He wasn’t losing weight. Then he showed his food diary to his coach and revealed he’d been eating half a pound of jelly beans a day. “They don’t have any fat,” he explains. But they had enough sugar to keep him from shedding an ounce. ? 
Nonfat foods become add-on foods. When we add them to our diet, we actually increase the number of calories we eat per day and gain weight. That was borne out in a Pennsylvania State University study. For breakfast, Prof. Barbara Rolls gave two groups of women yogurt（酵母乳）that contained exactly the same amount of calories. One group’s yogurt label said “high fat”—the other, “low fat.” The “low fat” yogurt group ate significantly more calories later in the day than the other group. “People think they’ve saved fat and can indulge themselves later in the day with no adverse consequences,” says Richard Mattes, a nutrition researcher at Purdue University. “But when they do that, they don’t compensate very precisely, and they often end up overdoing it.”

1. 1.

   What lessons did the computer programme learn ?

   1. A.
      Overeating will cause weight gain
   2. B.
      He can eat half a pound of jellybeans a day
   3. C.
      He can’t didn’t eat any fat
   4. D.
      His coach gave him a lecture
2. 2.

   Prof. Barbara’s ecperiement proved that _______________.

   1. A.
      two groups ate the same amount of calories
   2. B.
      two groups ate the same wmount of yogurt
   3. C.
      the “ low fat” yogurt group ate more calories later in the day than the other group
   4. D.
      people increase the number of calories they eat per day and gain group
3. 3.

   According to the author ,________has less calories.

   1. A.
      fat
   2. B.
      protein and carbohydrates
   3. C.
      low-fat soups
   4. D.
      sugar
4. 4.

   What can you infer from the text ?

   1. A.
      To keep from being overweight, people have to eat nofat food
   2. B.
      The calories from fat just do it a little quicker than from protein and carbohydrates
   3. C.
      People should avoid temptation
   4. D.
      Americans realize that it is necessary to count calories before eating the food

An “apple polisher” is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment. It is not exactly a bribe(贿赂),but is close to it.
All sorts of people are apple polishers, including politicians and people in high offices ── just about everybody. Oliver Cromwell, the great English leader, offered many gifts to win the support of George Fox and his party, but failed.
There are other phrases meaning the same thing as “apple-polishing” ── “soft-soaping” or “butter-up”. A gift is just one way to “soft-soap” somebody, or to “butter him up”. Another that is just as effective is flattery, giving someone high praise ── telling him how good he looks, or how well he speaks, or how talented and wise he is.
Endless are the ways of flattery. Who does not love or hear it ? Only an unusual man can resist the thrill of being told how wonderful he is. In truth, flattery is good medicine for most of us, who gets so little of it.
We need it to be more sure of ourselves. It cannot hurt unless we get carried away by it. But we just lap it up for its food value and nourishment, as a cat laps up milk, then we can still remain true to ourselves.
Sometimes, however, flattery will get you nothing from one who has had too much of it. A good example is the famous 12th century legend of King Canute of Denmark and England. The king got tired of listening to the endless sickening flattery of his courtiers（朝臣）.They overpraised him to the skies, as a man of limitless power.
He decided to teach them a lesson. He took them to the seashore and sat down. Then he ordered the waves to stop coming in. The tide was too busy to listen to him. The king was satisfied. This might show his followers how weak his power was and how empty their flattery.
【小题1】Which of the following activities has nothing to do with “apple-polishing” ?