Theories of crime try to explain two quite different sides of the crime problem: first, why certain forms of behavior are described by society as crimes and second, what the causes of criminal behavior are. Theories about what makes up of criminal behavior have varied widely. One traditional belief is that the criminal code stands for God’s law and is independent of the will of man. In contrast, there is the modern idea that the criminal law is simply the instrument by which the ruling class maintains its power.

There is also a wide variety of explanations for the cause of crime. There is the theory that assumes that an individual choose criminal conduct of his own free will and is therefore responsible for his actions. Other theories describe the criminal more or less as a helpless individual in the grasp of biological, psychological, or social forces beyond his reason or control. Modern studies of crime often depend heavily on statistics（统计）. For example, burglaries are most associated with the poor areas of large cities.

But one thing is clear; it is that criminal behavior is connected with a great number of social, psychological, economic, political, legal, and moral factors. To search for the deciding factor of crime is a too simple action.

1．The author believes that the causes of criminal behavior are         .

A．primarily social       B．simple and direct  

C．widely varied          D．often religious

2．Laws which emphasize punishment for criminal behavior are based on the belief that         .

A．the criminal’s behavior is controlled by social factors.

B．The criminal is responsible for his behavior.

C．Crime is connected with poor urban areas.

D．There are many causes of criminal behavior

3．The modern idea that the law is a means for the ruling class to maintain its power is essentially a          .

A．political theory      B．psychological explanation

C．moral theory          D．biological explanation