Theories of crime try to explain two quite different sides of the crime problem: first, why certain forms of behavior are described by society as crimes and second, what the causes of criminal behavio 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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Theories of crime try to explain two quite different sides of the crime problem: first, why certain forms of behavior are described by society as crimes and second, what the causes of criminal behavior are. Theories about what makes up of criminal behavior have varied widely. One traditional belief is that the criminal code stands for God’s law and is independent of the will of man. In contrast, there is the modern idea that the criminal law is simply the instrument by which the ruling class maintains its power.

There is also a wide variety of explanations for the cause of crime. There is the theory that assumes that an individual choose criminal conduct of his own free will and is therefore responsible for his actions. Other theories describe the criminal more or less as a helpless individual in the grasp of biological, psychological, or social forces beyond his reason or control. Modern studies of crime often depend heavily on statistics（统计）. For example, burglaries are most associated with the poor areas of large cities.

But one thing is clear; it is that criminal behavior is connected with a great number of social, psychological, economic, political, legal, and moral factors. To search for the deciding factor of crime is a too simple action.

1．The author believes that the causes of criminal behavior are .

A．primarily social B．simple and direct

C．widely varied D．often religious

2．Laws which emphasize punishment for criminal behavior are based on the belief that .

A．the criminal’s behavior is controlled by social factors.

B．The criminal is responsible for his behavior.

C．Crime is connected with poor urban areas.

D．There are many causes of criminal behavior

3．The modern idea that the law is a means for the ruling class to maintain its power is essentially a .

A．political theory B．psychological explanation

C．moral theory D．biological explanation

1.C 2.B 3.A

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“Sugar is comforting,” he said. “There’s nothing more stressful than growing financial insecurity everywhere.”

The recession (经济衰退) seems to have a sweet tooth. As unemployment has risen, Americans, particularly adults, have been consuming growing amounts of candy, say candy makers, store owners and industry experts.

Theories vary on exactly why. For many, sugar lifts spirits dragged low by the economy. For others, candy also provides a reminder of better times. And not insignificantly, it is relatively cheap.

At Candyality, a store in the Lakeview neighborhood of Chicago, business has jumped by nearly 80 percent compared with this time last year, and the owner, Terese McDonald, said she was struggling to keep up with the demand for Bit-O-Honeys, Swedish Fish and Sour Balls.

“They put candy in their actual budget,” she said.

Many big candy makers are also reporting rising sales and surprising profits.

“Candy companies are relatively recession-proof,” said Peter Liebhold, chairman of the Smithsonian Institution’s work and industry division. “During the Great Depression, candy companies stayed in business.”

Raymond Schneider was set as an example to show ________.

A. many Americans were laid off in the recession

B. lots of Americans like candies

C. many Americans in the recession like sweets which are comforting

D. Americans are suffering much in the recession.

What does the underlined sentence “The recession seems to have a sweet tooth” mean?

A. Candy consuming rises while people are suffering bad effects of the recession.

B. The recession doesn’t have any bad effect on Americans.

C. Americans are optimistic even though they are out of employment.

D. Candy companies stayed in business during the Great Depression.

Which is NOT the reason why people in the recession like sugar?

A. It is relatively cheap.

B. It is comforting and can make a lot of profits.

C. It raises people’s spirits up.

D. It calls up people’s good memories.

The best title of the passage is ________.

A. Sugar Is Comforting

B. Candy Companies Stay In Business

C. Americans Have A Sweet Tooth

D. Sugar Sales Rise In The Recession

You don’t have to ask Barack Obama what it is like to be a president-elect. Chances are you can be one, too, and it won’t take more than 30 years’ efforts to achieve that.

A new computer game, Commander in Chief, offers the chance to step into the president’s shoes and see whether you can do a better job running the country than he can.

The video game will be available on January 20, the day Obama is sworn in (宣誓就职) as president.

So what will you do in the game?

Like Obama, your early task is to select members of the Cabinet（内阁）from 250 personality types. Then you immediately face internal（国内的）and external challenges. Every decision you make has an in-game consequence.

“You can put your own political theories into action and see the domestic（国内的）and international effect,” said the lead designer Louis-Marie Rocques.

Internal decisions involve managing budgets, security, education, health care and discussion over many proposed laws. You also have to respond to critics. Every decision has a consequence, which changes the political environment. For example, raising taxes will raise criticisms and protests while lowering taxes means you will have less money to play with.

What about external decisions? Well, you have to deal with military issues, global economics, trade agreements, and spending time lobbying（游说）other presidents. You can determine the course of world events by invading（侵略）a neutral country, or toppling（推翻）an unfriendly country but then you must face the economic, political, and military consequences.

Don’t want to be president of the US? The game also lets you become virtual（虚拟的）leader of other countries including France, Germany, Spain and Russia.

The purpose of writing this passage is mainly to .

A. show you how hard it is to be the newly-elected president, Barack Obama

B. explain why the video game is so popular among American citizens

C. introduce to you one special computer game, Commander in Chief

D. inform how designers developed the interesting computer game

Which of the following items belongs to internal affairs in the game?

A. Managing budgets, responding to critics and military issues.

B. Managing budgets, raising taxes and trade agreements.

C. Health care, discussing proposed laws and lowering taxes.w(w w.ks&5 u.c*o m

D. Education, security and lobbying other countries.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Those who want to be a president one day will get a taste of their private life.

B. The first task in the game is to form the Cabinet consisting of 250 members.

C. The video game has hit the stores in America and enjoys sales success.

D. Like a real president, the players will face challenges at home and abroad

Raymond Schneider politely elbowed his way through crowds of customers as he made for the candy bins at Dylan’s Candy Bar in Manhattan. Since he was laid off in December, Mr. Schneider, a 33-year-old designer, says he has become a “gummy junkie,” buying a lot of sweets every time he shops for groceries.
“Sugar is comforting,” he said. “There’s nothing more stressful than growing financial insecurity everywhere.”
The recession (经济衰退) seems to have a sweet tooth. As unemployment has risen, Americans, particularly adults, have been consuming growing amounts of candy, say candy makers, store owners and industry experts.
Theories vary on exactly why. For many, sugar lifts spirits dragged low by the economy. For others, candy also provides a reminder of better times. And not insignificantly, it is relatively cheap.
At Candyality, a store in the Lakeview neighborhood of Chicago, business has jumped by nearly 80 percent compared with this time last year, and the owner, Terese McDonald, said she was struggling to keep up with the demand for Bit-O-Honeys, Swedish Fish and Sour Balls.
“They put candy in their actual budget,” she said.
Many big candy makers are also reporting rising sales and surprising profits.
“Candy companies are relatively recession-proof,” said Peter Liebhold, chairman of the Smithsonian Institution’s work and industry division. “During the Great Depression, candy companies stayed in business.”
【小题1】Raymond Schneider was set as an example to show ________.

A．many Americans were laid off in the recession

B．lots of Americans like candies

C．many Americans in the recession like sweets which are comforting

D．Americans are suffering much in the recession.

【小题2】 What does the underlined sentence “The recession seems to have a sweet tooth” mean?

A．Candy consuming rises while people are suffering bad effects of the recession.

B．The recession doesn’t have any bad effect on Americans.

C．Americans are optimistic even though they are out of employment.

D．Candy companies stayed in business during the Great Depression.

【小题3】Which is NOT the reason why people in the recession like sugar?

A．It is relatively cheap.

B．It is comforting and can make a lot of profits.

C．It raises people’s spirits up.

D．It calls up people’s good memories.

【小题4】 The best title of the passage is ________.

A．Sugar Is Comforting

B．Candy Companies Stay In Business

C．Americans Have A Sweet Tooth

D．Sugar Sales Rise In The Recession

“Sugar is comforting,” he said. “There’s nothing more stressful than growing financial insecurity everywhere.”

Theories vary on exactly why. For many, sugar lifts spirits dragged low by the economy. For others, candy also provides a reminder of better times. And not insignificantly, it is relatively cheap.

“They put candy in their actual budget,” she said.

Many big candy makers are also reporting rising sales and surprising profits.

1.Raymond Schneider was set as an example to show ________.

A. many Americans were laid off in the recession

B. lots of Americans like candies

C. many Americans in the recession like sweets which are comforting

D. Americans are suffering much in the recession.

2. What does the underlined sentence “The recession seems to have a sweet tooth” mean?

A. Candy consuming rises while people are suffering bad effects of the recession.

B. The recession doesn’t have any bad effect on Americans.

C. Americans are optimistic even though they are out of employment.

D. Candy companies stayed in business during the Great Depression.

3.Which is NOT the reason why people in the recession like sugar?

A. It is relatively cheap.

B. It is comforting and can make a lot of profits.

C. It raises people’s spirits up.

D. It calls up people’s good memories.

4. The best title of the passage is ________.

A. Sugar Is Comforting

B. Candy Companies Stay In Business

C. Americans Have A Sweet Tooth

D. Sugar Sales Rise In The Recession

In one of the strongest indications of the power of the mind to influence the body ,a growing collection of evidence finds that people who are depressed have a greatly higher risk of developing heart disease.

In a study of almost 3,000 men and 5,000 women , depressed men were 70 percent more likely to develop coronary (心脏的)heart disease than those who weren’t depressed. While depressed women were just 12 percent more likely to develop heart disease. Those who were severely depressed were 78 percent more likely.In fact ,a 1998 study found that women who are depressed have a risk of dying from heart disease equal to that of women who smoke or who have high blood pressure.

The link works the other way around, too: While about 1 in 20 American adults experience major depression in a given year, that number jumps to about one in three among those who have survived a heart attack.

The more severe the depression, the more dangerous it is to your health .But some studies suggest that even mild depression ,including feelings of hopelessness experienced over many years ,may damage the heart. Other studies suggest depression may affect how well heart disease medications work.

Researchers aren’t sure what the connection between depression and heart disease is, but theories exist. One is that people who are depressed tend not to take very good care of themselves. They’re more likely to eat high –fat ,high-calorie “comfort ”foods ,less likely to exercise ,and more likely to smoke. But beyond lifestyle ,there is probably also a physiological link between depression and heart disease. Recent studies found that people with severe depression tended to have a lack of heart-healthy O-3 fatty acids. People who are depressed also often have high levels of stress hormones (荷尔蒙)These keep the body primed for fight or flight ,raising blood pressure and causing the heart to beat faster, all of which put additional stress on coronary arteries (动脉)and prevent the body’s natural healing mechanisms from working properly.

A whole branch of medicine is devoted to the complex links between mental health ,the nervous system, the hormone system and so on. This science is gradually soring out how the mind- body connection affects us , or defense against heart disease.

Generally, an estimated 10 percent of American adults experience some form of depression every year. Although available treatments can east symptoms (症状) in more than 80 percent of people treated, less than half of those with depression get the help they need .

1.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A. Depression -----Heart Disease Risk Factor B. Heart Disease---- Health Killer

C. Depression ---- Mental Health Enemy D. Heart Disease ---- Depression Factor

2.Which statement is NOT true the passage?

A. With high blood pressure,depression is another potential risk to women’s health.

B. Depression,which is mild,can possibly cause damage to your health

C. Most people who experience depression get treated as they should be

D. Depression may have some influence on the function of heart disease medication

3.According to the passage ,the possible connections between heart disease and depression are the following EXCEPT______________

A. Depressed ones tend to eat high fat and high –calories food ,which leads to physical damage to heart

B. Severe heart disease may cause people to feel hopeless and depressed

C. Depression may result in the lack of some kind of acids ,which probably affects the working of people’s heart.

D. People with depression often have a high level of stress hormones ,maybe ,which will put extra pressure on one’s heart.

4.We can infer from the passage that _________

A. More researches will be done to find the certain links between heart disease and depression

B. The percentage of adults with depression is higher than that of depressed adults with heart disease .

C. One’s life style has relatively little relationship with one’s mental health.

D. Those with depression have a higher risk of developing heart disease.

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