Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. “The burnt child fears the fire” is one example. Another  is  the  rise  of despots(独裁者) like Hitler. Both these examples also point out the fact that attitudes come from experiences. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was  indirect  and  cumulative(累积的). The Nazis got certain ideas largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read.
　 The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a key position to influence(影响) attitudes. This is true partly because children obtain attitudes from those adults who they respect.
　 Another reason is that pupils are often curious about a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who has previously got little knowledge of Mexico, his teacher’s method of dealing with such a unit will greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.
　　However, when children go to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to change their feelings by praising or scolding them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain good experiences.
For example, first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably change their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research outside reading and all-day trips.
　　Finally a teacher must not constantly show her own attitudes because her influence can be no good if she has personal prejudices(偏见). This is especially true in respect to controversial(引起争议的) questions  on  which  children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of objective analysis(分析) of all the facts.
【小题1】. The passage mainly tells us _____.

A．attitudes affect our actions

B．teachers play an important role in developing children’s attitudes

C．attitudes can be changed by some classroom experiences

D．teachers gradually affect pupils’ attitudes by their attitudes

Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. “The burnt child fears the fire” is one example. Another  is  the  rise  of despots(独裁者) like Hitler. Both these examples also point out the fact that attitudes come from experiences. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was  indirect  and  cumulative(累积的). The Nazis got certain ideas largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read.

　 The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a key position to influence(影响) attitudes. This is true partly because children obtain attitudes from those adults who they respect.

　 Another reason is that pupils are often curious about a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who has previously got little knowledge of Mexico, his teacher’s method of dealing with such a unit will greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.

　　However, when children go to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to change their feelings by praising or scolding them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain good experiences.

For example, first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably change their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research outside reading and all-day trips.

　　Finally a teacher must not constantly show her own attitudes because her influence can be no good if she has personal prejudices(偏见). This is especially true in respect to controversial(引起争议的) questions  on  which  children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of objective analysis(分析) of all the facts.

1.. The passage mainly tells us _____.

     A. attitudes affect our actions

     B. teachers play an important role in developing children’s attitudes

     C. attitudes can be changed by some classroom experiences

     D. teachers gradually affect pupils’ attitudes by their attitudes

2.. In the first paragraph the writer gives us two examples to _____.

     A. show that attitudes come from experiences        B. compare with each other

     C. show all experiences are direct and impressive     D. tell experiences from attitudes

3..When children in school have unpleasant attitudes, teachers should _____.

     A. change their feelings by scolding them         B. think highly of their good attitudes

     C. help them by giving them good experiences     D. take no notice of their feelings

4..The passage specially states in the last paragraph that _____.

     A. direct experiences are more valuable than indirect ones

     B. what a child learns in school has already been introduced at home

     C. teachers can sometimes have a bad influence on children

     D. teachers should always cover up their own attitudes

Are you dreaming of taking a trip on your own? Here is some advice on how to make your once-in-a-lifetime journey and how to stay safe when you get there.

Before you begin to look at places, activities and plane tickets, you must set a budget. When you search through the websites about travelling, it can be so easy to add another week here or there, or choose an extra activity. Setting a budget can avoid（避免）creating a huge bill, which starts very small.

With so many countries on this planet it is difficult to decide where to go. By narrowing down your search to voluntary （自愿的） work or a relaxing holiday, you can save a lot of time looking through websites.

After deciding where to go, you need to research the country. Find out when each season is. It would be disappointing if you were taking part in an outdoor-based activity and it rained most days. Look into medical information, as you may need certain medicine for certain countries. Above all, make sure you can afford to go to this country and take part in the activities you have dreamt about. Don’t raise your hopes too high before you know for certain it is within your budget.

By carrying a credit （信用） card with you at all times it is possible to stop yourself getting lost. Mobile phones are very important as well. However, do not depend completely on them, since electronic machines can break without warning. Therefore, always carry a list of emergency （紧急情况） phone numbers, names and addresses. Finally, learn a little of the language. Do not expect that the people there speak your own language. After all, you are in their country.

1．What is the best title for the passage?

A．Take a Relaxing Trip                                   B．Save up to Travel Alone

C．Create a Pleasant Trip                                 D．Prepare for Travelling Alone

2．From the text, we can know that ________.

A．travelling in a foreign country costs a lot

B．deciding on where to go is an easy job

C．a volunteer can help you choose where to go

D. you need to know what the weather of the county you’ll travel is like

3．What does the underlined word “budget” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．记录                 B．生意                 C．预算                D．决定

4．According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A．You needn’t research the country you’ll travel before setting off.

B．Making a budget is important when making a travel plan.

C．It is funny to take medicines when travelling.

D. Bad weather can never influence your trip.

5．The last paragraph mainly tells us ________.

A．reasons why mobile phones aren’t reliable

B．ways to stay safe when travelling alone

C．the importance of carrying a credit card

D. the advantages of learning a foreign language

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.  Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

People think children should play sports. Sports are fun, and playing with others. However, playing sports can have __50   effects on children. It may produce feelings of poor self-respect or aggressive behavior in some children. According to research on kids and sports, 40,000,000 kids play sports in the US. Of these, 18,000,000 say they have been __51   at or called names while playing sports. This leaves many children with a bad __52  of sports. They think sports are just too aggressive.

Many researchers believe adults, especially parents and coaches, are the main _53  of too much aggression ill children's sports. They believe children _54 _ aggressive adult behavior. This behavior is then further strengthened through both positive and negative feedback. Parents and coaches are powerful teachers because children usually look up to them. Often these adults behave aggressively themselves, sending children the message that__55   is everything. Many parents go to children's sporting events and shout __56 _ at other players or cheer when their child behaves __57__. As well, children arc even taught that hurting other players is _ 58 or are pushed to continue playing even when they are injured _59 , the media makes violence seem exciting. Children watch adult sports games and see violent behavior replayed over and over on television.

As a society, we really need to 60  this problem and do something about it. Parents and coaches _61 should act as better examples for children. They also need to teach children better__62  . They should not just cheer when children win or act aggressively. They should teach children to __63 _ , themselves whether they win or not. Besides, children should not be allowed to continue to play when they are injured. If adults allow children to play when injured, this gives the message that  __64   is not as important as winning.

50. A. restrictive     B. negative     C. active     D. instructive

51. A. knocked     B. glanced     C. smiled     D. shouted

52. A. impression     B. concept     C. taste     D. expectation

53. A. resource     B. cause     C. course     D. consequence

54. A. question     B. understand     C. copy     D. neglect

55. A. winning     B. practicing     C. fun     D. sport

56. A. praises     B. orders     C. remarks     D. insults

57. A. proudly     B. ambitiously     C. aggressively     D. bravely

58. A. acceptable     B. impolite     C. possible     D. accessible

59. A. By contrast     B. In addition     C. As a result     D.Afterall

60. A. look up to     B. face up to     C. make up for     D. come up with

61. A. in particular     B. in all     C. in return     D. in advance

62. A. techniques     B. means     C. values     D. directions

63. A. respect     B. relax     C. forgive     D. enjoy

64. A. body     B. fame     C. health     D. spirit

Many of us already know about several American superstitions（迷信）. Having a black cat cross your path, walking under a ladder, and breaking a mirror are all bad luck. In addition, there are many other superstitions that are worth knowing. Understanding them will keep you safe from evil spirits —if you believe in such things —and impress your American friends when you mention them.

Like the superstitions in other cultures, American superstitions often involve the things important in daily life, such as health, numbers, and marriage. For example, have you ever had a cough that would not go away? According to one American superstition, you should take a piece of your hair and put it between two slices of buttered bread. Next, feed this hair sandwich to a dog and say, “Eat well, you hound, may you be sick and I be sound.” This will trick the evil spirits and help your cough. It will also raise some eyebrows if you try it.

In American superstitions, the number three is very important. Often, Americas will say, “All things come in threes.” Three is lucky because it represents the traditional family: mother, father, and child. Therefore, gifts, letters, and guests will often arrive at your home in groups of three. However, it is also possible for bad events, like accidents and funerals, to come in threes as well.

Another time people pay attention to superstitions is when they get married. During a wedding, brides must wear or carry “something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue”. The old and borrowed things will bring luck to the person who gives them to the bride. The new and blue things will bring good fortune to the bride herself. The next time someone you know is getting married, be sure to recite this phrase.

As it would be unlucky to discuss one more superstition, we will wind things up here. Keep your fingers crossed, and stay lucky!

The passage is most probably entitled        .

    A. American’s Bad Luck                 B. Cross-culture and Superstitions

    C. American Superstitions               D. Daily Life in Superstitions

The underlined sentence in the second paragraph “It will also raise some eyebrows if you try it.” means        .

    A. when you try it, the dog will raise its eyebrows.

    B. you will make people surprised when you try this trick

    C. only if you raise your eyebrows can the trick work

    D. you will believe in the trick after you try it

In American’s view, the number three is a(n)         number.

    A. lucky                B. unlucky          C. special              D. ordinary

On the wedding, the bride often uses old and borrowed things so as to          .

    A. save some money for the wedding         

B. bring good luck to the people who give them to the bride

    C. give the good luck to the bride herself

    D. pass the bad luck to others

After reading the passage, we may feel it is written in a         tone.

    A. formal               B. serious          C. humorous         D. critical