A student walks into his first class and realizes he forgot all about the midterm exam. He knows he needs to bring his grades up, and getting a zero will make it nearly impossible. He quickly jots down some notes and shoves them under his lap hoping it will help him pass. Cheating is a major concern in all academic environments. Students are creating new and more outrageous(令人吃惊的) ways of cheating every day; some claim that certain accounts of cheating can be justified, but overall it can always be prevented.
Cheating has been around forever, and millions of ways to cheat have been fashioned. Copying homework and cheat sheets are some of the most basic ways students in all education levels have cheated. Some students think nothing about writing a few answers on their hand, in a gum wrapper, or boldly using a study guide to cheat. Desperate students have even gone as far as to steal the test or scan in bottle wrappers and put answers into the nutrition label. The internet has now become available in almost every location. Computers can be accessed at school, at home, and now even on cell phones. This opens a doorway for even more methods of cheating to be born.
There are countless opinions on whether or not cheating can be justified. The truth is this behavior will always be a matter of opinion with each scenario of cheating. Students often rationalize their cheating by claiming they forgot to look over the material or did not understand what the teacher or professor was saying. Some may counter these arguments by saying that the student could have set reminders or asked the teacher to explain the material before the day of the test. Some other reasons students believe cheating is justified are their heavy workloads and trying to find time for school, sports, friends, and family. This may be true in certain instances, however, all students have these problems, and it is unfair to the students refrain(制止) from cheating when the student who is dishonest receives a better grade. The majority of students who think cheating is acceptable may believe the reason for this is that sometimes students are unaware they are cheating, there is not enough time given for assignments, or that the information is too much for the course.
It may be difficult to accomplish, but cheating can be prevented. Teachers and professors have tried many options to stop cheating. These options can range anywhere from simply spreading test-takers out in a room, to expelling(驱逐) a student, which will most likely hindertheir plans of getting into another college. One simple way to fix the problem is to scold the student when caught. They may be so scared or embarrassed that they never do it again. This is a risky way to prevent cheating in some cases, however, because it can possibly damage self-esteem. Another simple way to avoid cheating is to create many different kinds of the same test. This prohibits students from getting the answers off of a neighbor's test, but students still have the option of using other cheating tactics.
There may be a million ways to cheat and get away with it, but there are few times, if any, that it is justified. Cheating never has to be a necessity and is never worth compromising morals and losing years worth of working towards a degree. This problem is spreading throughout America; with everyone's help, it can be stopped.
【小题1】Which is the best title of this passage?

Secondhand smoke isn’t just a health threat to people.It can also hurt dogs and cats，veterinarians say.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，more than 126 million Americans who don't smoke are exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes，vehicles，workplaces，and public places.This exposure causes thousands of lung cancer and heart disease deaths among nonsmokers every year，according to the California Environmental Protection Agency.
“Making the leap from the effects of secondhand smoke on humans to their effects on pets isn't a big one,” says veterinarian （兽医专家） Carolynn MacAllister of Oklahoma State University.
“There have been a number of scientific papers recently that have reported the significant health threat secondhand smoke poses to pets,” MacAllister said.“Secondhand smoke has been associated with oral cancer and lymphoma in cats，lung and nasal cancer in dogs，as well as lung cancer in birds.”
Studies have also shown that dogs living in a smoking household are susceptible to cancers of the nose and sinus area，particularly if they are a long-nosed breed，because their noses have a greater surface area that is exposed to carcinogens and a greater area for them to accumulate.Dogs affected with nasal cancer normally don't survive for more than one year.
“Short and medium-nosed dogs are more susceptible to lung cancer，because their shorter nasal passage aren't as effective at accumulating the inhaled secondhand smoke carcinogens,” MacAllister said.“This results in more carcinogens （致癌物质） reaching the lungs.”
Birds are also at risk for lung cancer，as well as pneumonia，because their respiratory systems are hypersensitive to any type of air pollutant.
To help prevent animals from being adversely affected by smoking，pet owners who smoke should have a designated smoking area that is separated from the home or stop smoking altogether，MacAllister said.        

1. 1.

   From the passage，we can see secondhand smoke maybe not harmful to _______.

   1. A.
      smokers
   2. B.
      non-smokers
   3. C.
      pets
   4. D.
      trees
2. 2.

   What can be suggested according to the passage?

   1. A.
      Smokers can smoke anywhere.
   2. B.
      Smokers can smoke at any time.
   3. C.
      Smokers should smoke in the designated place.
   4. D.
      Smokers must give up smoking at once.
3. 3.

   What kind of dogs are likely to suffer from nasal cancer?

   1. A.
      Long-nosed dogs
   2. B.
      Short-nosed dogs
   3. C.
      Medium-nosed dogs
   4. D.
      Dogs without noses
4. 4.

   The best title of the passage is __________.

   1. A.
      Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in People
   2. B.
      Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Birds
   3. C.
      Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets
   4. D.
      Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Cats
5. 5.

   What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “are susceptible to”?

   1. A.
      are likely to be harmed by
   2. B.
      are hard to be influenced by
   3. C.
      are less to be effected by
   4. D.
      are lucky to be caught by

Secondhand smoke isn’t just a health threat to people．It can also hurt dogs and cats，veterinarians say．
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，more than 126 million Americans who don't smoke are exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes，vehicles，workplaces，and public places．This exposure causes thousands of lung cancer and heart disease deaths among nonsmokers every year，according to the California Environmental Protection Agency．
“Making the leap from the effects of secondhand smoke on humans to their effects on pets isn't a big one,” says veterinarian （兽医专家） Carolynn MacAllister of Oklahoma State University．
“There have been a number of scientific papers recently that have reported the significant health threat secondhand smoke poses to pets,” MacAllister said．“Secondhand smoke has been associated with oral cancer and lymphoma in cats，lung and nasal cancer in dogs，as well as lung cancer in birds.”
Studies have also shown that dogs living in a smoking household are susceptible to cancers of the nose and sinus area，particularly if they are a long-nosed breed，because their noses have a greater surface area that is exposed to carcinogens and a greater area for them to accumulate．Dogs affected with nasal cancer normally don't survive for more than one year．
“Short and medium-nosed dogs are more susceptible to lung cancer，because their shorter nasal passage aren't as effective at accumulating the inhaled secondhand smoke carcinogens,” MacAllister said．“This results in more carcinogens （致癌物质） reaching the lungs.”
Birds are also at risk for lung cancer，as well as pneumonia，because their respiratory systems are hypersensitive to any type of air pollutant．
To help prevent animals from being adversely affected by smoking，pet owners who smoke should have a designated smoking area that is separated from the home or stop smoking altogether，MacAllister said．        
【小题1】From the passage，we can see secondhand smoke maybe not harmful to _______．

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出可以填入空白的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Our thoughts, words, and actions often cause harm to others and to us． Without reconciliation

（和解）, we cannot deepen our understanding and only cause more suffering． "Beginning Anew" is

a（n）   36   of reconciliation． It involves three steps ---- sharing appreciation, expressing  37 , and expressing hurt and difficulties．

In the first step, we share appreciation． We acknowledge the  38  qualities of the other person． The second step -- expressing regret, is to   39      with the other person our regrets for the things we have done or said that might have caused him or her  40 ． This requires humility （谦逊）, and the   41  to let go of our own pride． In the third step, we    42  our own hurt with mindful and loving  43   without blaming or criticizing． We speak in such a way that the other person can listen and  44  our words． If we  45  the other person, his heart will  46  and he will not be able to hear us． We ask the other person to help us to understand  47  he has spoken and acted as he has , causing us so much pain． Perhaps, later, he can share his feelings  48  we can understand him more deeply． If a strong  49   arises in us while we are expressing our suffering,  we should simply  50  and come back to our breathing until the emotion becomes   51 ． The other person can  52  us by following his breathing until we are ready to continue． We can enjoy practicing "Beginning Anew" with our partner, our family, or our friends  53 ． By doing this, we will    54   misunderstandings from accumulating． Rather, we will take care of them as they arise,   55  we take care of our children．

36．A． method          B． practice         C． example              D． experience

37．A． concern         B． belief           C． regret                  D． sympathy

38．A． positive          B． poor              C． confident           D． selfish

39．A． chat             B． compare         C． debate          D． share

40．A． pain             B． anxiety          C． confusion       D． loss

41．A． willingness        B． kindness         C． happiness       D． weakness

42．A． charge          B． argue            C． express              D． combine

43．A． speech          B． letter                                              C． story        D． question

44．A． choose          B． accept         C, spread                                    D． change

45．A． trust             B． praise           C． envy            D． blame

46．A． open            B． close            C． beat          D． melt

47．A． when            B． how               C． what             D． why

48．A． so that          B． even though      C． as though       D． in case

49．A． emotion          B． responsibility     C． value                  D． interest

50．A． continue         B． stop            C． leave          D． repeat

51．A． quieter          B． warmer          C． deeper               D． stronger

52．A． forget           B． support          C． hate                 D． remember

53．A． quickly            B． carefully                                           C． regularly   D． willingly

54．A． prevent           B． protect         C． separate                                 D． forbid

55．A． for                B． so   C． like            D． if