摘要：定语从句在句中做定语.修饰一个名词或代词.被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后.由关系词引出. 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等. 关系副词有:when, where, why等. 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词.并在句中充当主语.宾语.定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时.从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致. 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词.在从句中作主语和宾语.例如: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人.(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) whose 用来指人或物.(只用作定语, 若指物.它还可以同of which互换).例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了.大家都跑过去帮忙. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书. 3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词.在从句中可作主语.宾语等.例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.(which / that在句中作宾语) The package you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语) 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间.地点或理由的名词.在从句中作状语. 1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构.因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.例如: There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候. Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我的出生地. Is this the reason why he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词.可以用于表示时间.地点.方式.理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句.在口语中that常被省略.例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了. He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方. 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词.还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.及物动词后面无宾语.就必须要求用关系代词,而不及物动词则要求用关系副词.例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子. 判断改错: (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对) This is the mountain village I visited last year. (对) I'll never forget the days I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上. 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分.也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词. 例1. Is this museum you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案:例1 D.例2 A 例1变为肯定句: This museum is you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句: This is the museum the exhibition was held. 在句1中.所缺部分为宾语.而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用.只有the one既做了主句的表语.又可做从句的宾语.可以省略关系代词.所以应选D. 而句2中, 主.谓.宾俱全.从句部分为句子的状语表地点.既可用副词where.又因 in the museum词组.可用介词in + which 引导地点状语.而此题中.介词on 用的不对.所以选A. 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分.先行词在从句中做主.定.宾语时.选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose), 先行词在从句中做状语时.应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语.when 时间状语.why 原因状语) . 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分.去掉它主句意思往往不明确,非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明.去掉了也不会影响主句的意思.它与主句之间通常用逗号分开.例如: This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮.是我们上个月买的. 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时.其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的.例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了.他曾经是我的老师. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人.我已经读了三遍. 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数.例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思.这使我心烦. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽.这就叫做蒸发. 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句. as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句.as和which可代整个主句.相当于and this或and that.As一般放在句首.which在句中.例如: As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知.吸烟有害健康. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来.这对我们人类很重要. 典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句.不能用 that修饰.而用which..it 和he 都使后句成为句子.两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接.况且选he句意不通. 2)The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B.which可代替句子.用于非限定性定语从句.而what不可.That 不能用于非限定性定语从句.it不为连词.使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通. 3)It rained hard yesterday, prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时.这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思.且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语.但不同之处主要有两点: (1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首.而which不可. (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时.从句中的谓语必须是系动词,若为行为动词.则从句中的关系代词只能用which..在本题中.prevent由于是行为动词.所以正确选项应为B. as 的用法 例1. the same-as,such-as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和--一样--.例如: I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦. 例2. as可引导非限制性从句.常带有'正如'.例如: As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知.吸烟有害健康. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词.例1中的as作know的宾语,例2中.它充当从句的主语.谓语动词know要用被动式. 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 引导非限定性定语从句时.例如: (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用.例如: We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中.只用that.不用which. b) 在不定代词.如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时.只用that.不用which. c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时.只用that. d) 先行词为序数词.数词.形容词最高级时.只用that.. e) 先行词既有人.又有物时.例如: All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察. 考试重点:限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法,关系副词 when.where.why.引导的定语从句,带介词的定语从句,非限定性定语从句,“名词+介词+关系代词 引出.一般是非限定性定语从句. 在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句.定语从句分为两种:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句.注意关系代词和关系副词在从句中的应用. (一)关系代词who.whom.whose.which.that引导的定语从句 1.The company official I thought would be fired received a raise. A. whom B. whoever C. who D. of whom (答案:A.关系代词whom在定语从句中做宾语.修饰先行词official) 2.The investigation , will soon be published, was made by John. A. at which the results B. the results on which C. whose results D. at whose results (答案:C.关系代词whose 在定语从句中做定语.) (二)关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句 1.The time will come man can fly to outer space freely. A. that B. when C. in that D. which (答案:B.when在定语从句中做状语.) 2.I will never forget the ten years we both spent in the little village. A. when B. during which C. which D. in which 关系代词前带介词的定语从句 1.Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, she belonged. A. which B. to where C. to which D. at which (答案:C.关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组 后面的前置宾语.这里的动词词组是belong to.) 2.The United States is composed of fifty states, two of are separated from the others by land or water. A. them B. that C. which D. those ?? 四)非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明.或进一步描述或补充. 这种从句有一定的独立性.即使去掉.主句的意思仍然完整.只是内容相对地不够具体.与主句之间常用逗号分开.所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同.但不能用关系代词that 引导. (1)An Old friend from abroad, I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport. A. that B. whom C. who D. which His brother had become a teacher, he wanted to be. A. who B. what C. which D. that (答案:C.which引导的非限定性定语从句.在从句中做宾语.修饰先行词a teacher) (3)He has made another wonderful discovery, of great importance to science. A. which I think it is B. of which I think it is C. I think which is D. which I think is (答案:D.which引导的非限定性定语从句.修饰前面整个句子.) +介词+关系代词 引出.一般是非限定性定语从句. We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, is completely water proof. A. no of which B. none of which C. some of which D. neither of which +of+which 引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系.) 状语从句?? 考试重点:状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法,让步状语从句,unless.supposed .whomever.whenever.wherever等连词的含义和用法. 在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句.常见的状语从句有时间.地点.条件.原因.让步.方式.比较.目的.结果. 一.时间状语从句 常用的连词有:when.whenever.since.as.until.hardly-when.no sooner-than.as soon as.before.after.the moment.the minute 1.No sooner had they got the goods covered up it started raining hard. A. when B. than C. then D. after (答案:B.no sooner-than 引导的时间状语从句.) 2.She has wanted to become a nurse since she was a young girl. A. long B. often C. always D. ever (答案:D.时间状语从句.ever since表示从-以后一直.) 注意:如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首.句子必须用倒装结构.例如: Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

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