You’re out to dinner. The food is delicious and the service is fine. You decide to leave a big fat tip. Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think.
Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service. Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words to how they carry themselves while taking orders to the bill’s total.
“Studies before have shown that mimicry (模仿) brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor. “These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them.”
So Rick van Baren divided 59 waiters into two groups. He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers. Rick van Baaren then compared their take-home(实得收入). The results were clear---it pays to mimic your customer. The copycat waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group.
Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St. Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill. After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cab drivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’ bills went up.
“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says. “You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you. If they weren’t there you’d never get any service. So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there.”
【小题1】According to the passage, a customer gives the cab driver a tip for ____.

BELIEVE it or not, the color of the tie Barack Obama wears to the inauguration（就职典礼） is now a hotly debated topic. The level of public interest in Obama’s tie might seem strange but many people believe his choice will symbolize the type of government he plans to run, as the color of a politician's tie is thought to convey ideas of power, trustworthiness and more.

Polities of ties

It may be the least practical item of male dress, but it is arguably the most expressive. In the UK and many other countries around the world, conservative（保守的）politicians may wear a blue tie and their liberal opponents a red one. In America, the colors go the other way round. The Republicans have in recent years become associated with the color red, and the Democrats with blue. But in spite of this, Bush wears blue ties more often than any other color.

What they mean

According to Sharon Haver, editor of focusonstyle, com, in America the feelings associated with colors overrule （压制） their political significance. “A guy who wants to be regarded as strong and in charge would wear red,” Haver says. Unsurprisingly, the business tycoon Donald Trump is known for wearing red ties. But what about blue? According to Haver, “Blue is a softer color…Look at the sky. It's peaceful and calm and trustworthy.”

Selecting the right tie for the right occasion

● Perfect job interview tie

Perhaps no other tie-wearing occasion is as important as the job interview. Gilchrist, the fashion expert, advises playing it safe and choosing a conservative one. Best choices are solids, stripes or small patterns. An excellent color is burgundy（酒红色）or another serious color. Avoid pink or yellow, which suggest that the wearer lacks gravity.

Pattern ties, Gilchrist suggests, should be limited to a maximum of three colors. A striped tie is a safe choice as this is acceptable to everyone. Last, Gilchrist recommends saving the expensive “hip” tie for those applying for glamorous creative jobs.

● Date-night tie

When picking out the fight tie for taking a girl out on a date, spend more time considering color than pattern. According to studies, women are attracted to men wearing the color blue, because blue gives the image of a "stable, faithful, constant, always there" person. So what is the worst color to wear on a date? “flattened caterpillar（毛虫）yellow-green”, according to Gilchrist, “it will repel both sexes equally.”

1.Why are people interested in the tie that Obama wears to the inauguration?

    A．Because they think the tie he wears will enable them to know about his personalities and policies.

    B．Because they want to advise him on how to select an appropriate tie for such a big

occasion.

    C．Because they think the ties will tell if he is trustworthy as they expected when he assumes

office.

    D．Because they believe the tie is an essential part of dressing to a mature politician like

Obama.

2.What can we infer about Bush, the former president, from the passage?

    A．He was probably liberal in his policies when he was in power.

    B．He was a Republican when he served as president.

    C．He wore only blue ties and had no ties of alternative colors.

    D．He wanted to make himself unique by the tie that he wore.

3.The example of "the business tycoon Donald Trump" is given to           .

    A prove that color reflects people's feelings to a certain degree.

    B．show that Donald is so wealthy that he can afford expensive ties.

    C．tell that Donald is physically strong and can handle everything.

    D．explain that red is a popular color, especially with businessmen.

4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

    A．Ties can be ignored by politicians since it is the least practical item of male dress.

    B．Do choose ties carefully before dating, because it is the most important occasion.

    C．Why to avoid pink or yellow in job interviews is that they don't match the atmosphere.

    D．The more colorful the tie is, the more likely you'll get the job you want.

5.The underlined word "repel" in the last paragraph is most close to “       ”in meaning.

    A．puzzle   B．attract      C．delight D．disgust

BELIEVE it or not, the color of the tie Barack Obama wears to the inauguration（就职典礼） is now a hotly debated topic. The level of public interest in Obama’s tie might seem strange but many people believe his choice will symbolize the type of government he plans to run, as the color of a politician's tie is thought to convey ideas of power, trustworthiness and more.

Polities of ties

It may be the least practical item of male dress, but it is arguably the most expressive. In the UK and many other countries around the world, conservative（保守的）politicians may wear a blue tie and their liberal opponents a red one. In America, the colors go the other way round. The Republicans have in recent years become associated with the color red, and the Democrats with blue. But in spite of this, Bush wears blue ties more often than any other color.

What they mean

According to Sharon Haver, editor of focusonstyle, com, in America the feelings associated with colors overrule （压制） their political significance. “A guy who wants to be regarded as strong and in charge would wear red,” Haver says. Unsurprisingly, the business tycoon Donald Trump is known for wearing red ties. But what about blue? According to Haver, “Blue is a softer color…Look at the sky. It's peaceful and calm and trustworthy.”

Selecting the right tie for the right occasion

● Perfect job interview tie

Perhaps no other tie-wearing occasion is as important as the job interview. Gilchrist, the fashion expert, advises playing it safe and choosing a conservative one. Best choices are solids, stripes or small patterns. An excellent color is burgundy（酒红色）or another serious color. Avoid pink or yellow, which suggest that the wearer lacks gravity.

Pattern ties, Gilchrist suggests, should be limited to a maximum of three colors. A striped tie is a safe choice as this is acceptable to everyone. Last, Gilchrist recommends saving the expensive “hip” tie for those applying for glamorous creative jobs.

● Date-night tie

When picking out the fight tie for taking a girl out on a date, spend more time considering color than pattern. According to studies, women are attracted to men wearing the color blue, because blue gives the image of a "stable, faithful, constant, always there" person. So what is the worst color to wear on a date? “flattened caterpillar（毛虫）yellow-green”, according to Gilchrist, “it will repel both sexes equally.”

52．Why are people interested in the tie that Obama wears to the inauguration?

       A．Because they think the tie he wears will enable them to know about his personalities and policies.

       B．Because they want to advise him on how to select an appropriate tie for such a big

occasion.

       C．Because they think the ties will tell if he is trustworthy as they expected when he assumes

office.

       D．Because they believe the tie is an essential part of dressing to a mature politician like

Obama.

53．What can we infer about Bush, the former president, from the passage?

       A．He was probably liberal in his policies when he was in power.

       B．He was a Republican when he served as president.

       C．He wore only blue ties and had no ties of alternative colors.

       D．He wanted to make himself unique by the tie that he wore.

54．The example of "the business tycoon Donald Trump" is given to________

       A prove that color reflects people's feelings to a certain degree.

       B．show that Donald is so wealthy that he can afford expensive ties.

       C．tell that Donald is physically strong and can handle everything.

       D．explain that red is a popular color, especially with businessmen.

55．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

       A．Ties can be ignored by politicians since it is the least practical item of male dress.

       B．Do choose ties carefully before dating, because it is the most important occasion.

       C．Why to avoid pink or yellow in job interviews is that they don't match the atmosphere.

       D．The more colorful the tie is, the more likely you'll get the job you want.

56．The underlined word "repel" in the last paragraph is most close to “________”in meaning.

       A．puzzle     B．attract   C．delight     D．disgust

The UK has a well­respected higher education system and some of the top universities and research institutions in the world. But to those who are new to it all， sometimes it can be confusing.
October is usually the busiest month in the college calendar. Universities have something called Freshers’ Week for their newcomers. It’s a great opportunity to make new friends， join lots of clubs and settle into university life.
However， having just left the comfort of home and all your friends behind， the prospect(前景) of meeting lots of strangers in big halls can be nerve­wracking(令人头痛的). Where do you start？ Who should you make friends with？ Which clubs should you join？
Luckily， there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you worrying about starting their university social life on the right foot. So just take it all in slowly. Don’t rush into anything that you’ll regret for the next three years.
Here are some top advice from past students on how to survive Freshers’ Week：
●Learn rules. Make sure you know British social manners. Have a few wine glasses and snacks handy for your housemates and friends.
●Be kind. Sometimes cups of tea or even slices of toast can give you a head start in making friends.
●Be sociable. The more active you are， the more likely you’ll be to meet new people than if you’re someone who never leaves their room.
●Bring a doorstop. Keep your door open when you’re in and that sends positive messages to your neighbors that you’re friendly.
So with a bit of clever planning and effort， Freshers’ Week can give you a great start to your university life and soon you’ll be passing on your experience to next year’s new recruits.
【小题1】Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage？

A．October is generally the busiest month for universities.

B．It’s a good idea to put a doorstop in your suitcase.

C．A bit of planning can make Freshers’ Week easier.

D．The first week of your every year at university is called Freshers’ Week.