(阅读理解)

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist. So he invented a very simple camera(照相机). He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden. That was the first photo.

The next important date in the history of photography(摄影术) was in 1837. That year, Daguere, another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room. He used a new kind of camera in a different way. In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing. This kind of photo was called a Daguerreotype. Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way. Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world. People took pictures of famous buildings, cities and mountains.

In about 1840, photography was developed. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. That was not simple. The photographers had to carry a lot of film and other machines. But this did not stop them, for example, some in the United States worked so hard. Mathew Brady was a famous American photographer. He took many pictures of great people. The pictures were unusual because they were very lifelike(栩栩如生的). Photography also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century. Some photos were not just copies of the real world. They showed ideas and feelings, like other kinds of art.

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　　In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business．But he was not a good artist．So he invented a very simple camera．He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard．That was the first photograph．

　　The next important date in the history of photography was 1837．That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his workroom．He used a new kind of camera and a different process(程序)．In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details．This kind of photograph was called daguerreotype(银版照相)．

　　Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s process．Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world．People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains．

　　In about 1840, the process was improved．Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things．The process was not simple．The photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment．But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States．After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities．

　　Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer．He took many photos of famous people．The photos were unusual because they were very life-like and full of personality．

　　Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war．His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and destroyed cities．They made the war seem more real and more terrible．

　　In 1861, Scottish physicist James Maxwell showed a color photography system involving three black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter(滤光镜)．This is the “color separation”method．

　　In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography．Photographers could buy film ready-made in rolls．So they did not have to make the film themselves．Also, they did not have to process the film immediately．They could bring it back to their workrooms and develop it later, meaning they did not have to carry lots of equipment．And finally, the invention of the small hand-held camera made photography less expensive．

　　With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer．People began to use cameras just for fun．They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places．They called these pictures“snapshots．”

　　Photographs because very popular in newspapers in the 1890s．Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs．These pictures showed true events and people．They were much more real than drawing．

　　Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 19th century．Some photographs were not just copies of the real world．They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms．

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