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Attitude is an internal(内在的) state that influences the choices of personal action made by the individual(个人). Some researchers consider that attitudes come from differences between beliefs and ideas; others believe that attitudes come from emotional states. Here, we focus on the effects of attitudes upon behavior, that is, upon the choices of action made by the individual.
The kinds of actions taken by human beings are obviously influenced greatly by attitudes. Whether one listens to classical music or rock, whether one obeys the speed limit while driving, whether one encourages one’s husband or wife to express his or her own ideas-all are influenced by attitudes. These internal states are acquired(获得) throughout life from situations one is faced with in the home, in the streets, and in the school.
Of course, the course of action chosen by an individual in any situation will be largely determined by the particulars of that situation. An individual who has a strong attitude of obeying laws may drive too fast when he is in a hurry and no police cars in sight. A child who has a strong attitude of honesty may steal a penny when she thinks no one will notice. But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time, and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations, is what is meant by an attitude.
Attitudes are learned in a variety of ways. They can result from single events, as when an attitude toward snakes is acquired by an experience in childhood at the sudden movement of a snake. They can result from the individual’s experiences of success and pleasure, as when someone acquires a positive attitude toward doing crossword puzzles by being able to complete some of them. And frequently, they are learned by copying other people’s behavior, as when a child learns how to behave toward foreigners by observing the actions of his parents. Regardless of these differences, there is something in common in the learning and modification(修正) of attitudes
1.
According to the passage, attitudes
A.
come from different situations in one’s life
B.
are largely affected by one’s behavior
C.
remain unchanged in one’s daily life
D.
could be chosen according to one’s will
2.
The author uses the examples in Paragraph 3 to show
A.
people often make mistakes when they are not noticed
B.
people with good attitudes may sometimes do bad deeds
C.
particulars of a situation may influence an individual’s action
D.
an individual may change his or her attitude fairly easily
3.
Which of the following is TRUE about the learning of attitudes?
A.
Attitudes are only learned through one’s success
B.
Attitudes learned in danger will last no more
C.
Copying others’ behavior is not a good idea
D.
Attitudes can be learned from one’s parents
4.
What would be the best title for the passage?
A.
Differences of Attitudes
B.
Nature(本质) of Attitude
C.
Choices of Attitudes
D.
Changes of Attitude
My friend Jim and I finally decided to spend our 14 days off in the eastern country.We were arranged to stay with a local family, which made it possible for us to share a real life experience with the locals and in return bring ourselves a richer experience of the native culture and tradition.
In the company of one of our well-informed local tour leaders, we started one of the trips to the nearby town . As we were passing elephants, we stopped , confused by the fact that these huge creatures were being held by a small rope tied to their front legs . No chains, no cages. It was obvious that these elephants could, at any time, break away from the ropes they were tied to but for some reason, they did not . My friend went up to the trainer and asked why these beautiful animals just stood there and made no attempt to get away. “Well,”he said , “When they were young and much smaller we used the same size rope to tie them and at that age, it was enough to hold them. As they grow up, they are accustomed to believing that they can not break away. They believe that the rope can hold them, so they never try to break free. We were amazed . These animals could at any time break away from their ropes but just because they believed they couldn’t, they were stuck right where they were.
Like the elephants, how many of us go through life hanging onto a belief that we can not do something , simply because we failed at it once before ? How many of us are being held by outdated belief that no longer serves us ? How many of us have avoided trying something new because of a limited belief? Worse still , how many of us are being held back by someone else’s limiting beliefs? Your attempt may fail but never fail to make an attempt.
1.
What was the author most interested in during his visit?
A.
The local people and elephants
B.
The local culture and tradition
C.
The history of the eastern country
D.
The local food and scenery
2.
What amazed them was to see__________.
A.
the trainer playing skillfully with the huge animals
B.
the trainer attracting the visitors’s attention in such a way
C.
the huge elephants tied only by a small rope
D.
the elephants being trained with small ropes
3.
The elephants never tried to get away because_______.
A.
they believed they couldn’t break away from the small ropes
B.
they got used to being raised and controlled by human beings
C.
they had a very close relationship with their trainers
D.
it was hard to break away from the strong and powerful ropes
4.
The author holds the view that _______.
A.
people should never fail to make an attempt or get held by false beliefs
B.
people should travel around and try new things
C.
animals should be trained to obey their masters
D.
it’s necessary to train creatures when they are young
Does this sound familiar? It’s 3:00 am and you’re still awake and staring at the clock. You can’t sleep , and you’ve already tried all the familiar tricks – taken a warm bath , drunk a glass of heated milk ,tried counting sheep, and read a book –all with no success. If you are such a sufferer, remember you’re not alone. Experts said that one in every four Americans have trouble falling or staying asleep.
Lack of sleep can hurt your quality of life in so many ways. Short temper, impatience, poor decision-making, and mood swings are common among those with sleeping problems. Besides, relationships with family, friends, and co-workers may suffer as a result. Improper sleep can also put your safety at risk by reducing your awareness.
When you’re awake in the middle of the night, you can start to feel desperate for a way out . However, it makes sense to weigh the available treatments before choosing the one that’s right for you. Other sleep aids may seem like
a quick fix
, but it turns out that there are many disadvantages of these drugs. For one thing, they may require expensive, time-consuming trips to your physician. They may also be habit-forming or have unpleasant side effects like dizziness( 眩晕) dry mouth, and next-day sleepiness. Plus , they become less effective over time.
So what is the best sleep aid available on the market today? The answer is Somnapure , a product that represents nature and science coming together. This all-natural sleep aid which comes from Peak Life allows you to fall asleep quickly and remain asleep through the night . With Somnapure, you wake up feeling refreshed and energetic. Somnapure is currently giving away a 14-day trial here. Get your Somnapure trial for better, deeper sleep that you deserve.
1.
From paragraph 1, we can know that sleep problems are_______.
A.
easy to make a sufferer lonely
B.
common but hard to deal with
C.
severe throughout the world
D.
widespread only in the USA
2.
The underlined words“ a quick fix”(in paragraph3)most probably means____.
A.
a waste of money
B.
a quick repair
C.
an easy way out
D.
a cheap aid
3.
The purpose of the passage is to _______.
A.
ask people with sleep problems to try and use Somnapure
B.
introduce a kind of medicine to help sleep better
C.
draw people’s attention to the bad effects of the lack of sleep
D.
talk about what the main causes of the sleep problems are
4.
We can infer that the passage is probably immediately followed by information about ______.
A.
the instructions to take Somnapure
B.
the side effects of Somnapure
C.
the price of Somnapure
D.
the way to get Somnapure
What kind of job do you want to do in the future ? One that earns the most money or one that gives you the highest social position? What about a job that makes you feel happy? Surprisingly, these three things do not always go together in the job world .
According to a general social survey by the National Organization for Research at the University of Chicago in the US, the ten happiest jobs are not those with better pay or higher social position. They are ordinary jobs.
But what is it that makes a “happy” job?
Researchers found that people are happier when they feel they are doing something worthwhile. Six of the top ten happiest jobs are based heavily on helping others, such as firefighters, teachers, and physical therapists(理疗师 ).
Being able to express oneself is also important for people to feel satisfied . Take authors as an example. Their pay is “ridiculously low or non-existent”, but “the freedom of writing down the contents of your own mind leads to happiness ,”wrote business author Steve Denning on his blog on Forbes.com.
These jobs are greatly different to the top ten “hated jobs”, according a website survey earlier this year. Director of information technology, sales manager, technical specialist and others that are generally considered respectable jobs are on the list.
Todd May from The New York Times didn’t find the results strange. He argued that
“ a meaningful life must, in some sense then , make people feel worthwhile”. If a person doesn’t participate in the causes “ that are generally regarded as worthy, like feeding and clothing the poor, their life will lack meaning ,”he said . Work takes up the greater part of most people’s lives . It’s no wonder that the people with the most worthwhile jobs are the happiest of all.
However, it’s important to remember that these two surveys are broad ones and that it doesn’t matter whether your dream job is on the two lists. Now it is the time to think about the future . After all, something that satisfies your mind will always bring you happiness.
1.
According to the passage , which of the following is probably a happy job?
A.
A marketing manager
B.
An engineer of IT
C.
A teacher of art
D.
A technical expert
2.
Steve Denning thinks that being an author is happy mainly because authors_____.
A.
are helpful to others
B.
can be free to express themselves
C.
earn much money
D.
are considered respectable
3.
From the passage we learn that_________.
A.
the more you earn , the happier you are
B.
respectable jobs are happy jobs
C.
the higher your social position is , the happier you are
D.
most happy jobs are related to helping others
4.
In the last paragraph the author stresses that_________.
A.
your future job should be one that makes you happy
B.
your dream jobs should be based on the two surveys
C.
the two surveys are of great importance
D.
it won’t be easy to find a job in the future
If you’re finding it tough to land a job, try expanding your job-hunting plan to include the following:
Set your target.
While you should always keep your options open to changing your mind , you should also be sure to target exactly what you want in a job. A job-hunt with a clear target will surely help you achieve better results than an aimless one.
Schedule plenty of interviews.
Use every possible method to get interviews-answering ads, using search firms , getting in touch with companies directly , surfing the Web, and networking(向同行请教 ). Even if a job is not perfect for you, every interview can become one of your positive experiences.
Follow up
Even if someone does not hire you ,write them a thank –you note for the interview. Then, some weeks later, send another brief letter to explain that you still have not found the perfect position and that you will be available to interview again if the original position you applied for—or any other position , for that matter –is open. Do this with every position you interview for, and you may just catch a break!
Make it your full-time job
You can’t find a job by looking sporadically( 断续地) . You have to make time for it. If you’re unemployed and looking , devote as much time as you would to a full –time job. If you have a job while you’re looking, figure out an organized schedule to maximize your searching time.
Network vertically(纵向地 )
In the search stage of your job hunt , talk to people who are on a level above you in your desired industry. They’ll have an accurate and deep understanding that people at your level won’t have , and will be in a good position to hire you or recommend you to be hired .
Keep your spirits up
Looking for a job is one of the toughest things you will ever have to do, keep up your confidence , continue your efforts, and think positively, and eventually you will get a job you want.
1.
From the passage , it can be learned that to get a job , one should absolutely avoid___.
A.
having as many interviews as possible
B.
looking without a clear target
C.
applying for the same position a second time
D.
changing his goal set previously
2.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.
It will be of great help for you to seek advice from experienced job hunters
B.
There can’t be too much time for you to hunt for a job if you are out of work
C.
There is no point having the interview unless a job is perfect for you.
D.
There is no need for you to write letters to the company that refused you
3.
According to the passage , it can better help job hunters get hired by ______.
A.
consulting higher level people in their desired industries in advance
B.
working out a well organized timetable for their job interviews
C.
recommending themselves to the company they desire to work for
D.
taking a positive attitude toward their future job–hunt success
4.
What would be the best title for this passage ?
A.
Procedures in Searching for a job
B.
Advice for Successful Job Hunters
C.
Tricks for Job-hunt Success
D.
Guidance from Successful Job Hunters
When I was an official of a school in Palo Alto, California, Polly Tyner, the president of our board, wrote a letter that was printed in the Palo Alto Times. Polly’s son, Jim, had great difficulty in school. He was classified as the educationally handicapped and required a great deal of patience on the part of his parents and teachers. But Jim was a happy kid with a great smile that lit up the room. His parents knew his difficulties, but they always tried to help him see his strengths so that he could walk with pride. Shortly after Jim finished high school, he was killed in a motorcycle accident. After his death, his mother submitted this letter to the newspaper.
“Today we buried our 20-year-old son. He was killed in a motorcycle accident on Friday night. How I wish I had known that the last time I had talked to him would be the last time. If I had only known that, I would have said to him, ‘Jim, I love you and I’m always so proud of you.’ I would have taken the time to count the many blessings he had brought to the lives of the people who loved him. I would have taken the time to appreciate his beautiful smile, his laughter, and his genuine love to other people.
“When I put all the good things on the scale and try to balance them with all the irritating (恼人的) things such as the radio that was always too loud, the haircut that wasn’t to our liking, the dirty socks under the bed, etc., I find that the irritations really don’t amount to much.
“I won’t get another chance to tell my son all that I would have wanted him to hear, but, other parents, do have a chance. Tell your young people what you would want them to hear as if it may be your last conversation. The last time I talked to Jim was the morning of the day when he died. He called me to say, ‘Hi, Mom! I just called to say I love you. You have to go to work now. Bye.’ That day, he gave me something to treasure forever. ”
If there is any purpose at all for Jim’s death, maybe it is to make others appreciate life more and to tell people, especially family members, that they should take the time to let each other know just how much they care. You may never have another chance. Do it today!
1.
Who was Jim?
A.
The child of the Tyners’
B.
The writer’s relative
C.
The president of a school board
D.
An official of a school
2.
What’s the meaning of the underlined phrase “the educationally handicapped”?
A.
The learning difficulty
B.
The physical problems
C.
The psychological problems
D.
The communication difficulty
3.
According to the writer, which of the following about Jim is TRUE?
A.
He was always sad about his school marks
B.
His parents always scolded him about his bad school marks
C.
His study needed more attention from his parents and teachers
D.
He was killed in a car accident
4.
The purpose of Polly’s letter is to
A.
memorize her son
B.
teach parents to appreciate their children
C.
teach children how to be good boys
D.
give some advice on how to deal with children’s problems
Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. (You may read the questions first.)
jaguar: n. a type of large, yellow-colored cat with black markings found in the southwestern region of the U. S. and in Central and South America.
jargon: 1. n. speech that doesn’t make sense. 2. n. an unknown language that seems strange or impossible to understand. 3. n. a language made up of two or more other languages: His jargon was a mixture of French and English. 4. n. the special vocabulary of a field or profession: Her report on computers was filled with jargon.
jaunt: 1. n. a trip taken for fun. 2. v. to go on a brief pleasant trip: We jaunted to the country last Saturday.
javelin: 1. n. a spear most commonly used as weapon or in hunting. 2. n. a lightweight metal or wooden spear that is thrown in track-and-field contests. 3. n. the contest in which a javelin is thrown. 4. v. to strike, as with a javelin.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang empty talk. 4. ad. of or like jazz: a jazz band, jazz records.
Jennet: n. a small Spanish horse.
1.
Which meaning of the word javelin is used in the sentence below?
At the competition, Jack drew his arm back and threw the javelin 50 yards.
A.
Definition 1
B.
Definition 2
C.
Definition 3
D.
Definition 4
2.
Which meaning of the word jargon is used in the sentence below?
Doctors often speak in medical jargon.
A.
Definition 1
B.
Definition 2
C.
Definition 3
D.
Definition 4
3.
What does the word jazz mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.
A.
rhythmic beats
B.
a type of music
C.
a kind of dance
D.
meaningless talk
Bad teeth can be painful — and worse. They can even be deadly. Infections (感染)of the gums (牙龈)and the teeth can cause bacteria (细菌)to go into the blood system. Those bacteria can increase the chance of a heart attack and worsen the effects of other diseases. And adults are not the only ones at risk. For example, in 2007, doctors in the Washington area said a boy died when a tooth infection spread to his brain. They said it might have been prevented had he received the dental care (牙齿 保健)he needed. He was twelve years old.
Experts at the National Institutes of Health say good dental care starts at birth. Breast milk, they say, is the best food for the healthy development of teeth. Breast milk can help slow the growth of bacteria and acid production in the mouth.
But dentists say a baby's gums and early teeth should be cleaned after each feeding. Use a cloth with a little warm water. Do the same if a baby is fed with a bottle. Experts say if you decide to put your baby to sleep with a bottle, only give the child water.
When baby teeth begin to appear, you can clean them with a wet toothbrush. Dentists say it is important to find soft toothbrushes made especially for babies and to use them very gently.
The use of fluoride (氟化物)to protect teeth is common in many parts of the world. For example, it is often added to drinking water supplies. The fluoride mixes with enamel (法琅质), the hard surface on teeth, to help prevent holes from forming.
1.
According to the passage, bad teeth can be ____________.
A.
painful
B.
deadly
C.
preventive
D.
incurable
2.
The writer uses the boy's death as an example to show that _______?
A.
not only adults but the young may suffer from teeth problem
B.
babies with bad teeth can easily die
C.
the doctors should be responsible for the case
D.
the boy was not fed with his breast milk
3.
What's the main idea of paragraph 4 and 5?
A.
How to develop babies' teeth.
B.
Why to protect babies' teeth
C.
How to keep babies' teeth clean
D.
Why to keep babies' teeth clean
4.
The passage tells us that _______.
A.
Enamel is most widely used to protect teeth in the world
B.
Bad teeth may affect the health of adults and the young
C.
Breast milk can cure babies' bad teeth
D.
Babies' teeth should be brushed once per day
5.
Which of the following can be used as the title of the passage?
A.
Concerns for Healthy Teeth of the Young
B.
Importance of Healthy Teeth of All
C.
Causes of Teeth Problem
D.
Solutions to Teeth Problem
A different sort of
generation gap
is developing in the workplace. Someone --- specifically the father-daughter team of Larry and Meagan Johnson --- has figured out that on some American job sites, five generations are working side by side.
In their new book about generations in the workplace the pair argue that while such an age difference adds a lot of texture and a variety of life experiences, it can also bring tensions and conflicts.
The Johnsons are human-resource trainers and public speakers. Dad Larry is a former health-care executive; daughter Meagan is a onetime high-level sales manager.
Here are the oldest and youngest of the five generations they identify:
They call the oldest group Traditionals, born before 1945. They were heavily influenced by the lessons of the Great Depression and World War Two. They respect authority, set a high standard of workmanship, and communicate easily and confidently. But they’re also stubbornly independent. They want their opinions heard.
At the other extreme are what the Johnsons call Linksters, born after 1995 into today’s more complicated, multi-media world. They live and breathe technology and are often social activists.
You won’t find many 15-year olds in the offices of large companies, except as volunteers, of course, but quite old and quite young workers do come together in sales environments like bike shops and ice-cream stores.
The Johnsons, Larry and Meagan, represent a generation gap themselves in their work with jobsite issues. The Johnsons’ point is that as the average lifespan continues to rise and retirement dates get delayed because of the tight economy, people of different generations are working side by side, more often bringing with them very different ideas about company loyalty and work values.
The five generations are heavily influenced by quite different events, social trends, and the cultural phenomena of their times. Their experiences shape their behavior and make it difficult, sometimes, for managers to achieve a strong and efficient workplace.
Larry and Meagan Johnson discuss all this in greater detail in a new book, “Generations, Inc.: From Boomers to Linksters --- Managing the Friction Between Generations at Work,” published by Amacom Press, which is available in all good bookstore from this Friday.
1.
The type of generation gap in paragraph 1 refers to the difference in beliefs ________.
A.
between managers and workers
B.
among family members
C.
among employees
D.
between older and newer companies
2.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about Traditionals?
A.
They’ve learned much from war and economic disaster.
B.
They’re difficult to work with as they are stubborn.
C.
They respect their boss and hope to be respected.
D.
They’re independent workers with great confidence.
3.
According to the passage, the Linksters are usually ________.
A.
found working in the offices of large companies
B.
influenced by media and technology
C.
enthusiastic multi-media activists
D.
ice-cream sellers
4.
According to the passage, modern workforces are more diverse because ________.
A.
people want to increase their average lifespan
B.
many young people are entering the workforce
C.
employees with different values can benefit their companies
D.
retirement dates are being delayed for economic reasons
5.
What’s the main purpose of the passage?
A.
To promote a new book by Larry and Meagan Johnson.
B.
To describe the five different workplace generations.
C.
To introduce the Johnsons’ research about diverse workforces.
D.
To identify a major problem in modern workforces.
A 33-year-old financial analyst in California recently quit his job to devote himself to an unpaid job teaching math on the Internet, and his lessons are reaching almost 100,000 people a month. Salman Khan’s voice is heard every day on the net — by tens of thousands of students around the world who are hungry for help learning math. He has posted 1,200 lessons on You Tube —lessons that appear on an electronic blackboard, which range from basic addition to advanced mathematics for science and finance. And they are free.
Khan lives in Silicon Valley, with his wife, a doctor, and their new baby. He got the idea for his “Khan Academy” four years ago, when he taught a young cousin how to convert kilograms to grams. With Khan’s help, the cousin got good at math, and Khan began a new career.
Now, Khan records his lessons himself, but he never goes on camera. “It feels like my voice in their head. You’re looking at it and it feels like someone’s over your shoulder talking in your ear, as opposed to someone at the blackboard, which is distant from you,” he said.
When Springfield High School in Palo Alto, California invited Khan to speak in person—he immediately connected to the students there.
The idea of short lessons that can be played over and over again attracted high school senior Bridget Meaney. She says she had trouble with math in the seventh grade. “I think the teachers are good, but they can’t teach at a speed that’s perfect for everyone,” she said. “I like the idea of learning something in class but then going back and pressing pause or rewind and actually getting a deeper understanding of it.”
Originally, Khan kept his lessons short because of YouTube restrictions. Now, he thinks short is better. “Education researchers now tell me that 10 minutes is how long someone can have a high level of concentration. And anything beyond that and your brain switches off,” he said.
For Khan, teaching math, science, and finance is just the beginning. He says he’s ready to expand his YouTube site to include other subjects as well
1.
What gave Khan the idea of teaching math online?
A.
His success in helping his cousin learn math
B.
His discovery that many students found learning math difficult
C.
A suggestion made to him at a local high school
D.
His interest in Internet teaching
2.
Why does Khan never go on camera?
A.
He’s too shy to show his face on camera
B.
It’s restricted by YouTube for education videos
C.
He wants to keep distance from the viewers
D.
He wants to create a more relaxed learning atmosphere
3.
From the passage, we know that ________
A.
Khan travels to many schools to promote his lessons
B.
Khan plans to include more subjects in the future
C.
Khan gives live math lessons every day for free
D.
Khan set up the Khan Academy with his wife
4.
Why does Bridget Meaney like Khan’s lessons?
A.
Khan teaches seventh grade math better than her teacher
B.
The lessons can be watched repeatedly until fully understood
C.
She can perfectly follow the pace of Khan’s teaching
D.
She cannot concentrate when learning in class
5.
What does Khan mean by “short is better” in the 6th paragraph?
A.
Keeping the lessons short can ensure better concentration
B.
YouTube recommends short lessons for its site
C.
Short lessons encourage students to return to the website
D.
Students enjoy short mathematics lessons more
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