Five steps to take if your child is being bullied

      71   The worst thing you can do is ignore it. Too often parents feel children and teens need to “work things out” on their own. If the problem is ignored, your child’s self-esteem will become unhealthy, he will be hurt mentally or physically, and he could become a bully himself.

Here are five steps you can take if your child is having problems with a bully:

  72   This is an important first step and will help your child trust that you are able to help him with his problem. Accept what he has to say at face value by using your active listening skills.

Let your child know that he is not alone.   73   Reassure your child that he is not the problem. Nothing he did caused the bully to go after him.

If your child is being threatened in a physical or illegal way at school, report the problem. Your child may not want you to do this, or the school may not take it seriously, but violence cannot be tolerated.   74­­­_   You will need to model assertive behavior by alerting those in charge where the bullying is taking place.

Teach your child assertive behavior and how to ignore routine teasing. Let them know it is okay to say “No.” sometimes even friends bully, so letting your child know they can be true to their own feelings and say “No” can go a long way.

  75   Giving up possessions or giving in to a bully in anyway encourages the bully to continue. Identify ways for your child to respond to a bully---showing assertive but not aggressive behavior---and role-play them.

A. Believe what your child tells you.

B. Encourage your child not to give in to a bully.

C. Praise your child for being brave enough to talk about it.

D. Bullying is a terrible situation for a child to have to cope with.

E. If you choose not to do anything that is what you’re teaching your child.

F. Most children have to deal with some type of bullying behavior at one time or another.

G. If your child comes to you because a bully is bothering him, you need to pay close attention to the problem.

Toyoda said those changes were being made nearly around the clock,but during three hours of often tense questions and answers he repeated that there was no link to the vehicle’s electronic systems.

Many drivers making complaints against Toyota and the government say their acceleration problems had nothing to do with floor mat interference(油门踏板故障)or sticky gas pedals(刹车).Outside experts have suggested electronic problems.

  House lawmakers expressed serious criticism on Toyoda,the grandson of the company’s founder.

  The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA)is seeking records on Toyota’s recalls and is conducting its own review on whether electronics were behind the car faults.NHTSA also continues to look into steering complaints from drivers of the popular Corolla model.

  Toyota has recalled 8.5 million cars,more than 6 million of them in the United States.

  It may be a while before car buyers believe that Toyota really makes safe cars.

  Toyota’s January sales already fell 16 percent even as most other automakers jumped back from last year’s bad results.Analyst Koji Endo of Advanced Research Japan in Tokyo said he expects February sales,due out next week,to be down 30 percent to 40.Toyota’s sales problem could continue beyond that.

  It will take some time to feel the full effect of this,he said.

67.The best title for this passage is     

  A.Toyota is in trouble          B.Toyota is under hearing

  C.Toyota is finished             D.Toyota is still running

68.What is the purpose of the hearing?

  A.America hopes that Toyota apologizes to the US customers.

  B.America wants to get Toyota out of the US market.

  C.America wants to help Toyota out of difficulty.

  D.America hopes that Toyota admits their cars have electronic system problem.

69.What can we infer from the passage?

A.Toyota provides very good post sale service. 

B.Toyota’s biggest market is in the United States.

C.Toyota will be closed soon.

D.Toyota’s dealership in the US will all be closed.

70.The last sentence of this passage indicates       .

A.Analyst Koji Endo is fully confident about Toyota

B.Toyota could meet a worse situation

C.Toyota would get out of trouble sooner or later

D.Toyota would build up a better reputation among its customers

Pacing and Pausing

Sara tried to befriend her old friend Steve's new wife, but Betty never seemed to have anything to say. While Sara felt Betty didn't hold up her end of the conversation, Betty complained to Steve that Sara never gave her a chance to talk. The problem had to do with expectations about pacing and pausing.

Conversation is a turn-taking game. When our habits are similar, there's no problem. But if our habits are different, you may start to talk before I'm finished or fail to take your turn when I'm finished. That's what was happening with Betty and Sara.

It may not be coincidental that Betty, who expected relatively longer pauses between turns, is British, and Sara, who expected relatively shorter pauses, is American. Betty often felt interrupted by Sara. But Betty herself became an interrupter and found herself doing most of the talking when she met a visitor from Finland. And Sara had a hard time cutting in on some speakers from Latin America or Israel.

The general phenomenon, then, is that the small conversation techniques, like pacing and pausing, lead people to draw conclusions not about conversational style but about personality and abilities. These habitual differences are often the basis for dangerous stereotyping (思维定式). And these social phenomena can have very personal consequences. For example, a woman from the southwestern part of the US went to live in an eastern city to take up a job in personnel. When the Personnel Department got together for meetings, she kept searching for the right time to break in --- and never found it. Although back home she was considered outgoing and confident, in Washington she was viewed as shy and retiring. When she was evaluated at the end of the year, she was told to take a training course because of her inability to speak up.

That's why slight differences in conversational style --- tiny little things like microseconds of pause --- can have a great effect on one's life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problems --- even in the mind of the woman herself, who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.

63. What did Sara think of Betty when talking with her?

A. Betty was talkative.                                 B. Betty was an interrupter.

C. Betty did not take her turn.                             D. Betty paid no attention to Sara.

64. According to the passage, who are likely to expect the shortest pauses between turns?

A. Americans.                B. Israelis.           C. The British.              D. The Finns.

65. We can learn from the passage that ______.

A. communication breakdown results from short pauses and fast pacing

B. women are unfavorably stereotyped in eastern cities of the US

C. one's inability to speak up is culturally determined sometimes

D. one should receive training to build up one's confidence

66. The underlined word "assertiveness" in the last paragraph probably means ______.

A. being willing to speak one's mind                     B. being able to increase one's power

C. being ready to make one's own judgment   D. being quick to express one's ideas confidently

       For years, there has been a bias(偏见)against science among clinical psychologists. In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychologists led by Timothy B. Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to “provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness” and “give more weight to their personal experiences than to science.” As a result, patients have no guarantee that their “treatment will be informed by science.” Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment. “The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment,” he told me, and “there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science.”

       The “widening” reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying the most effective treatments. Thanks to strict clinical trials, we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new, healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression, panic disorder and other problems, with multiple trials showing that these treatments—the tools of psychology—bring more lasting benefits than drugs.

       You wouldn’t know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist. Although many treatments are effective, relatively few psychologists learn or practice them.

       Why in the world not? For one thing, says Baker, clinical psychologists are “very doubtful about the role of science” and “lack solid science training”. Also, one third of patients get better no matter what treatment (if any) they have, “and psychologists remember these successes, believing, wrongly, that they are the result of the treatment.”

       When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science, clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study that works. A 2008 study of 591 psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues’ experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient. If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine, warns Mischel, psychology will “discredit itself.”

60.   Many clinical psychologists fail to provide the most effective treatments because _____.

A. they are unfamiliar with their patients   B. they believe in science and evidence

C. they depend on their colleagues’ help   D. they rely on their personal experiences

61.   In Mischel’s opinion, psychology will ______.

A. destroy its own reputation if no improvement is made

B. develop faster with the support of insurance companies

C. work together with insurance companies to provide better treatment

D. become more reliable if insurance companies won’t demand evidence-based medicine

62.   What is the purpose of this passage?

A. To show the writer’s disapproval of clinical psychologists.

B. To inform the readers of the risks of psychological treatments.

C. To explain the effectiveness of treatments by clinical psychologists.

D. To introduce the latest progress of medical treatment in clinical psychology.

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