【题目】 In 1968 Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set an intelligence test for a class of primary school children at "Oak School" (an invented name) in San Francisco. The teachers were told that the intelligence test bad two purposes. Firstly, it would measure the IQ of the children and secondly it would predict 20% of students who, no matter what their performance to date was like, would be likely to make the most progress during the next school year. The teachers were then told who the predicted top improvers would be.

At the end of the school year, eight months later, the intelligence test was carried out again and, perhaps not surprisingly, the results showed that the 20% of children who had been predicted to improve the most, did in fact do so. They showed, on average, an increase of 12 IQ points on the test, compared with an increase of only 8 points for the other children.

But the fact is that no results of any test were used to predict who would be the top performers. Instead, the lucky children who the teachers were told would be the top improvers were given this label as a matter of chance. This study shows that the label that you are given, and your interaction(互动) with others who notice that label, can have a big influence on the results that you achieve. This phenomenon(现象)has been called the Rosenthal effect. It is also known as the Pygmalion effect, related most famously to the George Bernard Show play Pygmalion , which shows the effect that two men have in changing an untidy flower girl into a well-spoken lady.

For ethical (道德的)reasons the researchers at "Oak School!" only concentrated on trying to produce positive results in the children's performance. However, it is worth asking yourself what the effects on 20% of students considered least likely to improve in the following school year might have been. A frightening thought.

1What did the study find about the predicted top performers at the end of the school year?

A.They showed more interest in tests.B.They really made the most progress.

C.They became less confident than before.D.They were as intelligent as the other children.

2How were the top performers chosen?

A.According to the teachers' judgement.B.Based on the test results.

C.By chance.D.Openly.

3What can we infer about the 20% of students mentioned in the last paragraph?

A.They might be willing to accept positive results.

B.They would likely have frightening thoughts.

C.They would likely make the least progress.

D.They might work much harder than before.

4What is the text mainly about?

A.The Rosenthal effectB.A play by Bernard Shaw.

C.A school in San Francisco.D.The labels given to children.

【题目】 About six years ago, I was sitting on a plane next to a woman who was extremely energetic. I was tired and wanted to take a nap, but she tapped me on the shoulder to introduce herself.

"Hi, my name is Helga."

As we talked, it came up that I had started an organization in high school called R.A.K.E. (Random Acts of Kindness, Etc.). As I described what we did, Helga got very serious and said to me, "There is nothing more important in the world than kindness."

I was curious about what she had said, and as the plane took off. she began telling me a story about the last time she had flown.

It was three years ago and she was heading back to her hometown because her father had become very ill.

Just as the plane was about to leave, her father's doctor called to inform her that her father had suddenly passed away. For the three hour plane ride, she sat in stunned(受惊的) silence,.

When she arrived at the airport in her hometown, she walked to the nearest bench(长椅),sat down and cried.

For two hours, she sat and wept while thousands of people just walked on by.

"Not a single person stopped and asked if I was OK that day. It was on that day that I realized kindness isn't normal. "

Helga's words have stuck with me for all these years. I'm reminded all the time that for many of us, kindness is not usually our "default setting (默认设置)".

We spend so much time worrying about our own problems that we walk by or ignore other people in need of a bit of kindness.

So, I've made it my mission to do my part in making kindness "normal".

Now, I travel to schools all across the US to speak about compassion(同情),empathy(同感),and love.

I' m proud to share my stories with students, teachers, and parents about our need for character, compassion, and kindness.

Providing young people with practical ways to exercise kindness makes my job more satisfying than any other I can think of.

And when I give my talks, I always have my conversation with Helga in the back of my mind.

1We can know from the first four paragraphs that the author___________.

A.was always eager to make friendsB.was angry to be disturbed by Helga

C.found Helga a very serious personD.was interested in Helga's story

2During Helga's trip to her hometown, she___________.

A.couldn't help but cry on the flightB.blamed the doctor for not calling her earlier

C.came to realize the value of kindnessD.received help from passengers beside her

3How did Helga' s story influence the author?

A.He found a better way to exercise kindness.

B.He realized that most people were nice and kind.

C.He realized the importance of using stories in speech.

D.He began teaching others about kindness and found it rewarding.

4The author wrote this article mainly to___________.

A.show why kindness isn't normal.B.explain how he developed his kindness career

C.give advice on how to practice kindnessD.share a touching story about kindness

【题目】 Some of the greatest problems we face today are the destruction (破坏)of our environment.Brown clouds, polluted water, endangered wild animals..., these problems seem so huge.

So my family does what we can. We take cloth bags to stores instead of using plastic bags. We walk where we don’t have to drive.

But does it do any good? When I am the only one in line at the market with cloth bags, am I doing any good? Does my walking to stores make any real difference to the world?

I recently learned something about flamingos(火烈鸟)which like to get together in groups of a thousand or more Every year when the time comes for migration (迁徙), a few of them first take off from the lake. But none of the others seem to notice, so the small group returns. However, the next day they try again. This time a few more fly along with them, but most of them still pay no attention, so they return again. They try for several times. Every time a few more birds join in but ,since the thousands of others still take no notice, the great migration plan is once more stopped.

Then one day something changes. The same small group of birds once again starts flying and a small number more join in just as before, then more. Finally, they all take flight and the migration really begins. What a spectacular sight it must be--thousands of flamingos taking off into the sky at once!

A few can make a difference. Even if you’re the one to take the first step, and continue trying,others will someday take notice and together we will solve even our greatest problems.

1Where would you most probably read this passage?

A.A guidebook.B.A movie poster.

C.An animal magazine.D.A personal blog

2Why does the writer use cloth bags in stores?

A.There are only cloth bags in stores.

B.All the people use cloth bags in stores.

C.He thinks plastic bags are more expensive.

D.He wants to do some good to the environment.

3What does the underlined word “spectacular” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A.Disappointing.B.Fantastic.

C.TerribleD.Surprising

4What's the writer's purpose of writing this article?

A.To show that the writer loves to see the migration of flamingos.

B.To tell readers to continue trying and it can make a difference.

C.To introduce a special kind of flamingo to readers.

D.To show that there' re many problems in the world.

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