17．Like people.plants experience stress．And also.like people.the response to that stress can determi——青夏教育精英家教网—

17．Like people，plants experience stress．And also，like people，the response to that stress can determine success．
Bad environmental conditions，such as drought，flood，heat and other stresses，affect yields（产量） more than crop pests and diseases．We are trying to find a way to equip plants with the ability to tolerate nvironmental stress and maintain high yields，said Stephen Howell，a professor of genetics and cell biology．
Plant cells produce proteins （蛋白质） and ship them to different parts of the cell．Under normal conditions，these proteins are folded into their normal，healthy structures as they are produced．When a plant is under stress，its cells produce poorly folded or unfolded proteis．Then a built-in system senses this and"sets off an alarm in the cell，"said Howell．
In response to the alarm，another protein （IRE1）starts working and creates a different process which activates （激活） the stress response genes whose products bring about defensive measures that help the plant survive．
"As it turns out，responses that are activated under stress conditions actually inhibit the growth of plants，"said Howell．"This allows them to preserve their energy to survive the stress conditions．"
For plants in the wild，this response is a help for survival，he said．In production of agriculture crops，however，this response reduces yields．
"You don't want crop plants to stop growing，"Howell said．"You want them to continue to grow and produce even though they are under stress．"
With the new understanding of this stress response，the next step may be to silence the alarm system，said Howell．"What may be important is to disable some of these stress responses．That may make the plant more productive under stress conditions．"
8．According to the text，an alarm in the plant cells is caused byB
A．the folded proteins
B．the changed proteins
C．the defensive measures
D．the stress response genes
9．The energy preserved in the plants under stress conditionsA．
A．helps the plants to survive
B．helps to maintain high yields
C．keeps the plants growing
D．helps to produce proteins
10．The underlined word"inhibit"in Paragraph 5can bereplaced by"A"．
A．prevent
B．start
C．continue
D．promote
11．How does Howell intend to make crop plants maintain high yields under stress conditions？C
A．By making crop plants keep more energy．
B．By making crop plants stop growing．
C．By making the alarm system stop working．
D．By making the alarm system respond quickly．

16．Mother's Day is coming up．Maybe your gift is wrapped and your dinner plans booked for mom，step-mom，grandmother-whoever the person is who fed，cared for，taught and loved you．
But there are other people who said their most special Mother's Day memories rarely dealt with beautifully wrapped objects，but rather，the ways people showed they cared．
Mother's Day 2012was the last one Jannet Walsh was able to celebrate with her mother，Margaret，who had a stroke （中风） in 2009．In her last few years，Walsh always shot photos and videos of their visits together，and with Walsh's West Highland White Terrier， Andrew．
"My mother had a dog just like him，so I wouldtell her i was her dog，and she would hold onto his leash，even in bed up to the last few weeks before she passed away，"Walsh said．
As Mother's Day approached，Walsh wanted a way to remember her mother and"best friend"．She decided to build the memories she captured during those last few years into a video memorial-images of her mother with Andrew or quiet moments at her gravesite．
"I thought it good to tell the story with few words，just show my mother as she was happy，and loved till the end，"Walsh said．
Mother's Day was not a light-hearted subject for Wendy Bowers in the past．Her mom had walked out when she was 18，and Bowers had tried for years to become pregnant without success．She had almost convinced herself she wasn't meant to be a parent．
But three years after she gave up on having a baby，Bowers discovered that she was pregnant．Six weeks earlier than expected，little Nathan arrived．
That first year，Nathan，only 10months old，was sick with a stomach bug．Bowers said she spent the day holding him between loads of laundry．"I would not have been anywhere else in the world that day，"she said．"I wouldn't trade that first Mother's Day for anything，and I'm pretty sure Mother's Day will always be a reminder to me of just how lucky I am to even be a mom．"
4．What does the underlined word"Andrew"refer to？C
A．Walsh's child．
B．Walsh's mother．
C．Walsh's dog．
D．Walsh's mother's dog．
5．The purpose of what Walsh did for her mother before Mother's Day was toD．
A．bring her mother what she wanted
B．show she would be loved till the end
C．celebrate her last Mother's Day
D．remember her and share her story
6．How does Bowers feel about what happened on her first Mother's Day as a mother？A
A．It was worth it．
B．It was unlucky．
C．It was unexpected．
D．It was unbearable．
7．What is the text mainly about？D
A．Painful memories of Mother's Day．
B．Plans for Mother's Day．
C．Tips for a special Mother's Day．
D．Special ideas for Mother's Day．

15．Washington Sightseeing Guide
White House-Public tours of the White House have been offered since Thomas Jefferson was president，but you can't just drop in．Visits to the White House are in high demand，and you must make your request through your member of Congress（国会）up to six months，and no fewer than 21days，before your visit．Be sure to check the White House tour-info Web site to make sure about the personal identification you'll need．And before the day of your visit，call 202-456-7041to confirm the tour schedule．
Lincoln's Cottage-Lincoln's Cottage，the hilltop home where President Lincoln lived during part of the Civil War，is simply furnished but features lighting effects and actors'recordings that reveal Lincoln's thoughts on slavery and the war．"In the library you can actually see the ghost lines of where the library shelves would have been，"says cottage director Erin Carlson Mast．"We haven't re-created the bookshelves because that was such an amazing moment of discovery for us that we wanted to preserve that so people can have that moment of discovery themselves．"
Library of Congress-The Library of Congress is housed in three buildings：the Thomas Jefferson Building，James Madison Memorial Building and the John Adams Building．Although trying to see all of it in one day is possible，it's probably best to do a little thinking ahead and figure out which areas you'd really like to explore （i．e．when your feet start to hurt，you won't feel so bad about not catching everything）．The most popular visitor destination is the Thomas Jefferson Building，but there are things worth seeing-murals（壁画），sculptures，performances-elsewhere in the complex．
1．Which is true about the White House？C
A．It is a new tourist attraction．
B．It is open only to members of Congress．
C．A reservation （预订）for a visit is required．
D．You should call 202-456-7041during your visit．
2．In Lincoln's Cottage，you canD．
A．see actors giving performances
B．see the bookshelves in the study
C．hear the recorded voice of Lincoln
D．learn about Lincoln's opinions on slavery
3．The paragraph about the Library of Congress implies thatA．
A．there is so mch to see there
B．there are so many visitors there
C．you needn't spend so much time there
D．you should drive there instead of walking．

14．假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改同桌写的以下作文．文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处．每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改．
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词．
删减：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉．
修改：在错词下面划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词．
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分．
After failing in the exam，my life got such dark that I didn't want to study any more．I always hid myself in his bedroom and cried quietly．In my family，I felt that never before have my parents been so strict．I was not allowed to watch TV，using the computer or talk on the phone unless permitted．What's more，I was not even allowed to go out during the weekends．I almost lost my heart．But one evening，my friend came special to see me．She told me，"Nothing is impossible．You should believe yourself．"Encouraging by what she said，I regained confidence and made up my mind to work harder．I hoped that I could catch up to others soon．

13．Conventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation that threatens the survival of companies everywhere．It's based on the assumption that old ideas will always work，so they shouldn't be challenged．While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don't change，it's unlikely to hold true in a changing situation．In today's rapid changing global environment，old methods often don't work，and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems．
Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security．If everyone else believes it，then it must be true．Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right，and being right is good．They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work．In 1977，Ken Olsen，co-founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation （DEC），stated"There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home．"Despite being a dominant leader in the computer industry，DEC no longer exists．
People seem to forget that since innovation is a change，there can be no innovation without change．Unfortunately，conventional wisdom prevents leaders，followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating．If companies don't innovate，but their competitors do，the future is likely to be problematic．Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries，so it has a powerful effect on business success．
Ted Turner （founder of CNN） knew little，if anything，about the news business，but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour，as was common before CNN．Turner's solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24hours a day．The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time，and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day．However，it doesn't take a rocket scientist to understand that viewers don't have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work．Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information．Due to conventional thinking，the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted．They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future．
Conventional wisdom prevents creativity，flexibility and risk-taking，so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it．To survive，thrive and maintain competitive advantage，companies must be flexible when reacting to change．
32．DEC has disappeared probably becauseC．
A．the consumers didn't like its products
B．the leaders lacked the sense of security
C．the CEO stuck to the conventional ideas
D．the employees took many risks with changes
33．The founding of CNN is used as an example to proveB．
A．missing opportunities could lead to failure
B．changing could contribute to business success
C．watching news at the dinner hour is convenient
D．conventional wisdom influences business success
34．What does the underlined part probably mean？
A．Rocket scientists can ensure the CNN works properly．
B．Most of the viewers don't like to watch the news at work．
C．It's easy to know people needn't watch the news all the time．
D．It's necessary to understand when people watch the news．
35．The passage is mainly written to tell us thatD．
A．old methods are changing with time
B．opportunities lead to business success
C．successful companies need wise leaders
D．conventional wisdom limits innovation．

12．Does happiness have a scent？
When someone is happy，can you smell it？
You can usually tell when someone is happy based on seeing them smile，hearing them laugh or perhaps from receiving a big hug．But can you also smell their happiness？Surprising new research suggests that happiness does indeed have a scent，and that the experience of happiness can be transmitted through smell，reports Phys．org．
For the study，12young men were shown videos meant to bring about a variety of emotions while researchers gathered sweat samples from them．All of the men were healthy and none of them were drug users or smokers，and all were asked to abstain from drinking or eating smelly foods during the study period．
Those sweat samples were then given to 36equally healthy young women to smell，while researchers monitored their reactions．Only women were selected to smell the samples，apparently because previous research has shown that women have a better sense of smell than men and are also more sensitive to emotional signaling-though it's unclear why only men were chosen to produce the scents．
Researchers found that the behavior of the women after smelling the scents-particularly their facial expressions-indicated a relationship between the emotional states of the men who produced the sweat and the women who sniffed them．
"Human sweat produced when a person is happy brings about a state similar to happiness in somebody who breathes this smell，"said study co-author Gun Semin，a professor at Koc University in Turkey．
This is a fascinating finding because it not only means that happiness does have a scent，but that the scent is capable of transmitting the emotion to others．The study also found that other emotions，such as fear，seem to carry a scent too．This ensures previous research suggesting that some negative emotions have a smell，but it is the first time this has proved to be true of positive feelings．
Researchers have yet to isolate（分离） exactly what the chemical compound for the happiness smell is，but you might imagine what the potential applications for such a finding could be．Happiness perfumes，for instance，could be invented．Scent therapies（香味疗法）could also be developed to help people through depression or anxiety．
Perhaps the most surprising result of the study，however，is our broadened understanding of how emotions get communicated，and also how our own emotions are potentially managed through our social context and the emotional states of those around us．
28．What is the main finding of the new research？A
A．Pleasant feelings can be smelt out．
B．Negative emotions have a smell．
C．Men produce more sweats．
D．Women have a better sense of smell．
29．The underlined part"abstain from"in Paragraph 3probably meansB．
A．try
B．avoid
C．continue
D．practice
30．What is the application value of the new research？D
A．Perfumes could help people understand each other．
B．Some smells could be created to improve our appearance．
C．Perfumes could be produced to cure physical diseases．
D．Some smells could be developed to better our mood．
31．We can learn from the last paragraph thatB．
A．happiness comes from a scent of sweat
B．social surroundings can influence our emotions
C．people need more emotional communication
D．positive energy can deepen understanding．

10．My daughter Kelly is a cautious person．She needs to warm up to situations，is hesitant to try new things．When with close friends，she becomes a leader who laughs loudly and chants，"Girls rule，boys drool．"But when that comfort zone is not around her，she is shy and nervous．
This has been challenging for me at times．"Shy"is not a word that I think has ever been used to describe me．But this has been a year of firsts for my girl that has filled her with a new sense of confidence．This year she moved to lap lane in swimming where she was preparing for a swim team．This year she learned to ride a bike without training wheels．And this year she completed her first kids'triathlon （三项全能）．
On Saturday，with a thunderstorm coming soon and my son's birthday party later in the day，we all went out in the dark of the morning for Kelly to participate in her first triathlon．We practiced transitions from swim to bike to run with her，we got all the equipment she'd need，and we kept talking about the race．But as we waited the two hours for the older kids to finish before her turn，she held my leg a little harder and told me she loved me a few too many times．She was nervous but trying to keep it together．
And then it was her turn．From the second she jumped into the water，my heart soared．My daughter transformed into the most confident human being I had ever seen．She dominated（主宰） that swim，crushed that bike ride and ran to the finish with the biggest smile on her face．
I can honestly say that I never felt so proud of someone in my entire life．It wasn't because she did a sport or anything like that．It was because she was afraid of something and conquered（克服） that fear with confidence and a fire I hadn't seen before．
All day I would find myself just looking over at her and smiling．She might be wearing the finalist medal but I felt like I won that day．I won the chance to see my girl shine．
Shine on，sweet baby．
21．Kelly is nervous whenC．
A．she changes into a leader
B．boys are around her
C．situations are new to her
D．she is away from her mom
22．We can know from Paragraph 3A．
A．the whole family gave Kelly support
B．the race began in the early morning
C．Kelly was eager for her turn in the race
D．Kelly prepared for her brother's birthday party
23．Seeing Kelly's performance in the race，the author feltD．
A．worried and hesitant
B．anxious and uneasy
C．curious and concerned
D．excited and proud
24．The author"felt like I won that day"because KellyB．
A．expressed love to her
B．overcame the fear
C．took part in the sport
D．won the gold medal．

9．Monty Hempel is a professor of environmental sciences at Redlands University in California．He studies ecological literacy-or ecoliteracy，for short．Ecoliteracy is the ability to think about and understand the natural processes that make life possible．
Monty Hempel says ecoliteracy gives people knowledge about environmental problems．But he says it does not always work to get them to change their behavior．
Mr．Hempel wrote part of the Worldwatch Institute's latest State of the World report．He says in his article，"Some people think that ecoliteracy is just a green form of science literacy．And what I have tried to ask is whether that's enough．In other words，what an ecologically-literate person needs to know might include things like the cycles and the flows，the energy systems，all of those kind of things that we would call the science of ecology．"
"That doesn't seem to lead to action to protect our environment-to protect our life-support system to the level that we need to．Just because we know a lot about the environment doesn't mean that we actually act to save it．After all，actions speak louder than knowledge．"
He adds that people may not be very worried about environmental problems if they seem far away．"Some people call it psychological distance．A lot of climate issues are worse in the Arctic and most of us don't spend time in the Arctic．And so，there's a certain distance．But there's also a distance that's happening in the world as it urbanizes-people spending more time in front of screens and less time out in nature．We become，if you will，disconnected from the natural systems that used to be the key to success for a human being．"
To help children discover the wonders of nature，he adds that children should learn about nature in school．But he also points out we have a high mountain for people to climb from knowledge to action．
32．From what Monty Hempel says in Paragraph 3，we learn thatA．
A．knowledge on environment protection is not enough
B．knowledge that children learn at school is useless
C．ecoliteracy can help people understand how nature works
D．people with enough knowledge will protect the environment well
33．What is especially important for environment protection in Mr．Hempel's opinion？B
A．Knowledge．
B．Action．
C．Green living．
D．Psychological distance．
34．Mr．Hempel thinks people show no concern about some environmental problems becauseD．
A．they lack knowledge on environment protection
B．they have no awareness of environment protection
C．some environmental problems are not worse at all
D．some environmental problems happened far away
35．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？C
A．Experts think it is the best way to learn nature in school．
B．Climbing a high mountain is a good way to exercise well．
C．Changing people's attitude to environment protection is hard．
D．Knowledge can help children take action to protect the environment．

8．You've probably heard about sports coaches，fitness coaches，voice and music teachers，career counselors，psychiatrists and other specialists who teach skills and help us cope with daily life．
But there's a rapidly growing kind of professional who does a little bit of everything．She or he is called a"life coach"．People who are at crossroads in their lives，and corporations that want to give certain employees a career boost，are turning to them for help．
The idea that one person's success story can change other people's lives for the better goes back at least to the 1930s．Dale Carnegie's famous self-improvement program"How to Win Friends and Influence People"came along soon thereafter．
But this new style of life coaches includes more than enthusiastic speakers or writers．They use their own experiences in business，sports，military service，or psychotherapy to help others make critical life decisions．
They often give their approach a slogan，such as"energy coaching"or"fearless living"or"working yourself happy"．
Dave Lakhani in Boise，Idaho，for instance，works with salespeople to develop what he calls a"road map"．He says an ongoing relationship with a coach is like having a personal fitness trainer for one's career and life outside work．
Lakhani's Bold Approach coaching firm also donates some of its time to help people who are anything but successful-including battered women and struggling single mothers．
But others in the so-called"helping professions"are not thrilled about the life-coaching movement．They say that anyone，trained or untrained，can call himself or herself a life coach，and that slick（华而不实的） promoters who mess with people's lives can do more harm than good．

28．Which of the following is the best title for the passage？B
A．Working Yourself Happy．
B．Life Coaches Help with Tough Decisions．
C．How to Cope with Daily Life with Life Coaches．
D．The Life-Coaching Movement．
29．The underlined phrase"life coach"in Paragraph 2means"D"．
A．The career counselor who teaches skills
B．The psychiatrist who helps us cope with daily life
C．The fitness coach who teaches us lessons
D．The specialist who helps us make important life decisions
30．The last paragraph is mainly aboutB．
A．the introductions of life coach
B．the disagreements of life coach
C．the effects of life coach
D．the experiences of life coach
31．What is the author's attitude towards life coaches？A
A．Cautious．
B．Approving．
C．Casual．
D．Disapproving．

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