6．Sharks have lived in the oceans for over 450million years．There are now about 360species of sharks——青夏教育精英家教网—

6．Sharks have lived in the oceans for over 450million years．There are now about 360species of sharks，whose size，behavior，and other characteristics differ widely．
Sharks range in size from the 0.1meter long dwarf-dog shark to the 18-metre long whale shark-the world's biggest fish．The whale shark，like two other large shark species-the basking shark and the megamouth shark-are harmless to people because they feed on plants and small aquatic animals．
Sharks have extremely sensitive sense organs．Some sharks can detect the scent（气味） of decaying fish or blood even when it is diluted（稀释） to only one part per million parts of seawater．They can probably hear underwater sounds that originate as far as 3kilometers away and can tell the direction from which underwater sounds are coming．
Sharks are key predators（肉食动物） in the world's oceans，helping control the numbers of many other ocean predators．Without sharks，the oceans would be overcrowded with dead and dying fish．
Every year，we catch and kill over 100million sharks，mostly for food and for their fins．Dried shark fins are used to make shark fin soup，which makes a profit for the sellers．Other sharks are killed for sport and out of fear．Sharks are vulnerable to overfishing because it takes most species 10to 15years to begin reproducing and they produce only a few offspring．
Influenced by movies and popular novels，most people see sharks as people-eating monsters．This is far from the truth．Every year，a few types of sharks injure about 100people worldwide and kill about 25．Most attacks are by great white sharks，which often feed on sea lions and other marine mammals．They sometimes mistake human swimmers for their normal prey，especially if they are wearing black wet suits．
If you are a typical ocean-goer，your chances of being killed by an unprovoked （无缘无故的） attack by a shark are about 1in 100million．You are more likely to be killed by a pig than by a shark．
Sharks help save human lives．In addition to providing people with food，they are helping us learn how to fight cancer，bacteria and viruses．Sharks are very healthy and have aging processes similar to ours．Their highly effective immune system allows wounds to heal quickly without becoming infected，and their blood is being studied in connection with AIDS research．
Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts．Understanding why can help us improve human health．Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage（软骨） have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals，and these chemicals may someday help prolong our life．
Sharks are needed in the world's ocean ecosystems．Although they don't need us，we need them．We are much more dangerous to sharks than they are to us．For every shark that bites a person，we kill one million sharks．
18．Which statement best expresses the main idea of the article？B
A．There are many different species of sharks，but only a few of them are dangerous to humans．
B．Sharks are important to the ocean ecosystem and they are a valuable resource for humans．
C．Although some sharks are dangerous to humans，they can help save human lives．
D．Sharks always eat small fishes and they are an essential part of the world's oceans．
19．Which question is NOT answered in the article？A
A．How long does a shark live？
B．How many people are killed by sharks each year？
C．Why are sharks important in medical research？
D．What do humans kill sharks for？
20．It can be inferred from the passage thatA．
A．Movies have given people the wrong impression of sharks．
B．Most sharks are dangerous to humans．
C．Sharks will attack anyone who is wearing black．
D．It is very likely that ocean-goers will be killed by a shark．

5．One of the most difficult questions to answer is how much a job is worth．We naturally expect that a doctor's salary will be higher than a bus conductor's wages．But the question becomes much more difficult to answer when we compare a miner with an engineer，or an unskilled man working on an oil-rig（钻探平台）with a teacher in a secondary school．What the doctor，the engineer and the teacher have in common is that they have devoted several years to studying in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions．We feel instinctively that these skills and these years should be rewarded．At the same time we recognize that the work of the miner and the oil-rig laborer is both hard and dangerous，and that they must be highly paid for the risks they take．
Another aspect we must take into consideration is how socially useful a man's work is．Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than，say，selling second-hand cars．Yet it is almost certain that the used-car salesman earns more than the nurse and the schoolteacher．
Indeed，this whole question of just rewards can be turned on its head．You can argue that a man who does a job which brings him personal satisfaction is already receiving part of his reward in the form of a so-called"psychic（精神的）wage"，and that it is the man with the boring，repetitive job who needs more money to make up for the soul-destroying repetitiveness of his work．It is significant that the jobs like nursing and teaching continue to be poorly paid，while others，such as those in the world of sport or entertainment，carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth．
Although the amount of money that people earn is largely determined by market forces，this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what is the right pay for the job．A starting point would be to try to decide the ratio（比率）which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid．The picture is made more complicated by two factors：firstly by the welfare benefits which every citizen receives，and secondly by the taxation system which is often used as an instrument of social justice by taxing high incomes at a very high rate indeed．Most countries now regard a ratio of 7：1as socially acceptable．If it is less，the highly-qualified people carrying heavy responsibilities will become disappointed，and might even end up by leaving for another country．If it is more，the difference between rich and poor will be so great that it will lead to social unrest．
24．We learn from the passage that a man who does a boring，repetitive jobB．
A．receives far less money than he deserves
B．should receive more money to lessen the bad effect of the hardship of his job
C．can only expect more money if his job is a highly-skilled one
D．has no interest in his work apart from the money he receives for doing it
25．In Paragraph 2and 3，the author indicates thatC．
A．the talented should do more important work
B．unskilled jobs have less social responsibility
C．those with more socially useful jobs earn less
D．people want to pay more to important services
26．Which of the following statements would the author agree？C
A．It's difficult to define the social value of a job．
B．The market will decide what the right pay is for a job．
C．People should find a proper ratio between high and low pay．
D．Those receiving high salary should carry heavy responsibilities．

4．Whether in the home or the workplace，social robots are going to become more common in the next few years．Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way，said Cynthia Breazeal，chief scientist at the robot company Jibo．
While household robots today do the normal housework，social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools．For example，these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad．This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user．
The Jibo robot，arranged to ship later this year，is designed to be a personalized assistant．You can talk to the robot，ask it questions，and make requests for it to perform different tasks．The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions； it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household．It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos．
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home．They have other applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces．
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market．The company's"Oshbot"robot is built to assist customers in a store，which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store．It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for．
The more interaction the robot has with humans，the more it learns．But Oshbot，like other social robots，is not intended to replace workers，but to work alongside other employees．"We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us，but with us，"said Breazeal．
32．How are social robots different from household robots？B
A．They can control their emotions．
B．They are more like humans．
C．They do the normal housework．
D．They respond to users more slowly．
33．What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3？D
A．Communicate with you and help you with homework．
B．Answer your questions and make requests．
C．Take your family pictures and deliver milk．
D．Obey your orders and remind you to take pills．
34．We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots willA．
A．be our workmates
B．train employees
C．improve technologies
D．take the place of workers
35．What is the passage mainly about？D
A．A new design idea of household robots．
B．Marketing strategies for social robots．
C．Information on household robots．
D．An introduction to social robots．

3．Read a lot，I mean a lot!You have to increase your ability for reading．Many students are in the habit of reading only when their exams are approaching while some others read only what they are taught or things that must be read because it is in their curriculum．But listen to me now，I am telling you from my own experience that it is a very bad habit and it is not enough to improve your intelligence．
You have to learn and get ready to become versatile in your reading．The fact that you are studying medicine in school does not mean that you should not know one or two things on politics．
Many people have complained to me that they find it hard to read stuffs like novels but I just shake my head in pity for them because it is obvious they have failed to realize the truth in that wise saying by Margaret Fuller that"today a reader，tomorrow a leader!"
When you read，you get to"see"so many places and it will be as if you have visited those places in real life．This is because reading will improve your imagination and creativity and understanding．You also get experience from learning about how people dealt with their various problems thereby saving you from going through the pains and difficulties they must have gone through!
Reading will also help you in improving your vocabulary because you will certainly start coming across so many new words which you will try as much as possible to get used to with the help of the dictionary．The good thing about increasing your vocabulary is that it will also improve your thinking ability．After all，we think in words and the more words you know，the easier it will become for you to express yourself or your thoughts．
And when you read，make sure you read so wide because the more you read，the more you know and the more you know the more intelligent you can become．
29．The underlined word"versatile"in Paragraph 2is closest in meaning toB．
A．interested
B．many-sided
C．content
D．confident
30．What is the best title for the passage？C
A．Increase your ability for reading
B．Read wide and improve your vocabulary
C．Reading improves your intelligence
D．Reading makes you a leader tomorrow
31．What is the benefit of knowing more words？B
A．You will get used to referring to the dictionary when meeting with new words．
B．You will have less difficulty expressing your opinions．
C．Vocabulary will improve your creativity．
D．You can pass your exams with ease．

2．Just when parents are paying off bills for new school clothes and supplies，teenagers may need more money for other necessities．All these expenses can stress the family's budget，said a New Mexico State University consumer education specialist．
Many social activities like drama clubs that continue throughout the school year require money，said Susan Wright with NMSU's Cooperative Extension Service．It's sometimes difficult for teenagers to understand why parents don't have unlimited resources．
"Parents can help avoid problems by including children in family financial discussions and giving them opportunities to assume responsibility for some of their own expenses，"she said．"This will help them move towards financial independence．"
Wright offered parents these tips to help teenagers become good financial managers：
●Consider giving teens an allowance（零花钱）．Decide what expenses the allowance should cover and let teens budget to meet those needs．Giving an allowance should not mean the family spends more．It simply shifts the responsibility to teens to manage money．
●Teach teens how to shop．Talk about comparative shopping，reading labels and interpreting advertisements．Explain the importance of planning ahead to cover necessary purchases．
●Explain the family's financial situation---income and outgo．If teens are old enough to spend your money，they should understand where it comes from and how it needs to be used．Be sure they understand the importance of setting financial goals and planning for the family's future needs．
●Teach teens how to use and manage a checking and savings account．Go over monthly bank statements together to show them how to justify checking accounts．Help teens understand the importance of keeping good records and knowing where money goes．
"It's important that parents help their teenagers develop sound financial management practices，"Wright said．"The best way to do that is to set a good example．Be open and supportive and resist the temptation to make financial decisions for them．After all，it won't be long until they will be out in the real world making decisions on their own．"
28．What should be the best title for this passage？A
A．Helping Teens Manage Money
B．Helping Teens Make Money
C．Ways to Spend More Wisely
D．Ways to Live More Wealthily
29．Who are target readers of this passage？B
A．Teenagers．
B．Parents．
C．Teachers．
D．Doctors．
30．Which piece of advice aims to help teens to share their parents'responsibility？C
A．The first one
B．The second one
C．The third one
D．The last one
31．According to Susan Wright，parents shouldD．
A．give teens as much pocket money as possible
B．do the shopping for teens
C．make financial decisions for teens
D．help teens move toward financial independence．

1．When I was a kid，I used to spend hours listening to Adam Carolla and Dr．Drew Pinsky on their Sunday night radio show Loveline．I listened so often that I began to use one of their well-known phrases-"good times"-in my daily conversations．Scientists have a name for this phenomenon：behavioral mimicry．
You've probably experienced this before：after spending enough time with another person，you might start to pick up on his or her behavior or speech habits．You might even start to develop your friend's habits without realizing it．There is a large body of literature concerning this sort of phenomenon，and it regularly happens for everything from body gesture to accents to drink patterns（模式）．For example，one study found that young adults were more likely to drink their drink directly after their same-sex drinking partners，than for the two individuals to drink at their own paces．
And the effect isn't limited to real-life face-to-face activities．Another study found that the same you-drink-then-I-drink pattern held even when watching a movie!In other words，people were more likely to take a drink of their drinks in a theater after watching the actors on the screen enjoy a drink．At least I don't feel so strange anymore，having picked up on Adam Carolla's"good times"．
New research published today in the journal PLOS ONE indicates that the same sort of behavioral mimicry is responsible for social eating，at least among university-age women of normal weight．That's right：the young women were more likely to adjust their eating according to the eating pace of their same-sex dining companion．
As with most experiments，these results raise a whole new set of questions．However，the finding that behavioral mimicry may at least partly explain eating behavior is important，and has real effects on health．The researchers note that"as long as people don't fully recognize such important influences on intake （eating），it will be difficult to make healthy food choices and keep a healthy diet，especially when people are exposed to the eating behavior of others"．
25．The author takes his own example of using"good times"toD．
A．express his love for radio shows
B．prove the popularity of the show
C．show the influence of the hosts'words
D．introduce the topic of the passage
26．Which of the following is NOT an example of behavioral mimicry？B
A．A boy eats his popcorn after watching the actor eat．
B．A boy buys a Nike shirt when he finds his desk-mate has one．
C．A girl unconsciously sits straight just as others do．
D．A girl takes on the Yorkshire accent after a month's stay．
27．It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatC．
A．behavioral mimicry is beneficial to our health
B．behavioral mimicry decides our eating behavior
C．people have realized the effect of behavioral mimicry on our health
D．It's impossible to keep a healthy diet without knowing behavioral mimicry
28．What is probably the author's purpose of writing this passage？B
A．To draw readers'attention to popular radio shows．
B．To introduce behavioral mimicry and its influence．
C．To appeal to readers not to fall into others'habits．
D．To advocate healthy food choices among readers．

20．When the lazy days of summer arrive and the schedule is filled with swimming，camp，and family vacations，it can be a challenge to find time for learning．But kids'reading skills don't have to grow cold once school's out．Here are some ways to make reading a natural part of their summer fun：
Explore your library．Visit your local library to borrow books and magazines that your kids haven't seen before．Many libraries have summer reading programs，book clubs，and reading contests for even the youngest borrowers．With a new library card，a child will feel extra grown-up by borrowing books．
Read on the road．Going on a long car trip？Make sure there are some books at the back seat．When you're not at the wheel，read the books aloud．Get some audio books （many libraries have large selections）and listen to them together during driving time．
Make your own books．Pick one of your family's favorite parts of summer-whether it's baseball，ice cream，or the pool-and have your child draw pictures of it or cut out pictures from magazines．Stick the pictures onto paper to make a booklet and write text for it．When you're done，read the book together．Reread it whenever you like!
Keep in touch．Kids don't have to go away to write about summer vacation．Even if your family stays home，they can send postcards to tell friends and relatives about their adventures．Ask a relative to be your child's pen pal and encourage them to write each week．
Keep up the reading habits．Even if everything else changes during the summer，keep up the reading routines around your house．Read with your kids every day-whether it's just before bedtime or under a shady tree on a lazy afternoon．And don't forget to take a book to the beach！Just brush the sand off the pages-it's no sweat!
29．The purpose of the passage is toC．
A．encourage parents to read
B．give advice on raising kids
C．raise a good summer reader
D．suggest places for vacations
30．If you drive on a long trip in summer，you canB．
A．visit the local library and join book clubs
B．borrow some audio books to listen to
C．keep in touch with friends by sending postcards
D．read your own picture books with your son
31．By saying"Just brush the sand off the pages-it's no sweat"，the author meansD．
A．taking away the sand on the book is very difficult
B．a special book is needed when you're reading on the beach
C．one can remove the sand on the book with a brush easily
D．there's no trouble reading even on the beach
32．Who are the intended readers of the passage？A
A．Parents．
B．Students．
C．Teachers．
D．Editors．

19．When we can see well，we do not think about our eyes often．It is only when we can not see perfectly that we come to see how important our eyes are．
People who are nearsighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes．Many people who do a lot of close work，such as writing and reading，become nearsighted．Then they have to wear glasses in order to see distant things clearly．
People who are farsighted face just the opposite problem．They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty reading a book unless they hold it at arm's length．If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses too．
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape．This，too，can be corrected by glasses．Some people's eyes become cloudy because of cataracts．Long ago these people often became blind．Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them．
When night falls，colors become fainter to the eyes and finally disappear．After your eyes have grown used to the dark，you can see better if you use the side of your eyes rather than the centers．Sometimes，after dark，you see a small thing to one side of you，which seems to disappear if you turn your head in its direction．This is because when you turn your head，you are looking?at the thing too directly．Men on guard duty sometimes think they see something moving to one side of them．When they turn to look straight at it，they can not see it any more，and they believe they were mistaken．However，this mistake happens because the center of the eye，which is very sensitive in daylight，is not as sensitive as the sides of the eye after dark．
25．We don't know that our eyes are of great importance untilB．
A．we think about our eyes
B．we cannot see clearly
C．we wear glasses
D．we have to do much reading
26．According to the passage，aA is more likely to be nearsighted．
A．student
B．doctor
C．guard
D．painter
27．People who are farsightedA．
A．cannot do a lot of close work without glasses
B．can only see things that are very close to their eyes
C．have difficulty reading a book if they hold it at arm's length
D．can correct their eyes by glasses．
28．To see a small thing at night，it is better to lookD．
A．with wide open eyes
B．with half shut or narrowed eyes
C．straight at it
D．in a slightly different direction．

18．It goes without saying that human intelligence is very advanced as opposed to plants and other living creatures．People's capacity to fully understand，reason，organize，solve problems，display emotional intelligence，learn，communicate and think abstractly is outstanding．It is believed to be much more emphasized （强调） nowadays，when bright folks are normally one level higher than everyone else．
Nowadays many people are of the view that a high intelligence quotient （IQ） is an excellent assistance in pulling through life．Statistics reveal that whatever activity enabling the brain to function and operate，no matter whether in the form of difficulties or other obstacles （障碍） that can be overcome by this specific body area，has a positive effect on it．
So every time you are making full use of your mind for right answers in a quick crossword or if you are answering difficult riddles，you might be，in fact，raising the probabilities of increasing your intelligence．You could play effective brain games like crosswords，chess，riddles，puzzles，Internet games，word games and other games．These are useful in raising your intelligence primarily because they let you think in a different way as you make an effort to uncover answers to certain problems．Aside from this，this form of brain training continually encourages the brain to function and widen its capacity to concentrate and learn．
Needless to say，you've to make sure that you make the most of these brain exercises by not cheating yourself．Lastly，if you progress to a much more complicated level，try your best to answer difficult problems with no hints or clues so that you are able to further force your brain to work on its own．
32．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about？D
A．The benefits of thinking and other brain exercises．
B．The difference between mankind and other creatures．
C．The reasons for emphasizing human intelligence．
D．The high level of human intelligence．
33．According to the author，many people increase their IQ in order toB．
A．be one level higher than others
B．deal with difficulties in life
C．play games such as riddles
D．enable the brain to function
34．According to the text，through continuous brain training，people canD．
A．learn a certain skill quickly
B．become a confident person
C．communicate with others well
D．concentrate in their class
35．What does the author mainly advise in the text？A
A．Making good use of brain exercises to increase your intelligence．
B．Playing brain games to prevent brain disease．
C．Solving difficult problems on your own．
D．Getting rid of Internet games．

17．It took me several years to realize that my black skin is beautiful and I have accepted the fact that indeed black is beautiful now．This skin I have been in for so many years determined my self worth．
I had so many factors"against"me in my mind when I was a little girl．I was a tall，thin，dark skinned girl with a gap tooth smile．Growing up，the only role model that I had was my mother，who has beautiful deep brown complexion （肤色）．It's amazing how I could find beauty in my mother's complexion but not my own．One of the most outstanding memories of my childhood is the words"Oh，she is so cute for a dark skinned little girl．"People spoke as if I wasn't in the room，as if I couldn't hear．
From a young age，I felt ashamed that my black color wasn't good enough，so I buried myself in books to stay away from the mirror．I knew that my education would and could take me further than my looks．I stopped watching TV，absorbed in my studies and I was happy with my decision．Now I have been admitted to my ideal Coppin State University，which is for black students and has a long history．
It wasn't until I was at age 16that I officially decided to fix my deep rooted issue about my dark complexion．I had been brainwashed to subscribe to the European standard of beauty for so many years．I no longer accept this standard，because I set my own．My black is beautiful including my full lips，the wideness of my nose，and the intensity （明亮） of my eyes．I believe that there are plenty of beautiful dark skinned women in the world．
21．When the author was young，sheC．
A．realized the importance of good memory
B．didn't mind others saying she was black
C．accepted the European standard of beauty
D．didn't think her mother was very beautiful
22．In childhood how did the author break away from not liking her looks？A
A．She turned her attention to her studies．
B．She watched TV and read books．
C．She attended a school for black people．
D．She broke all her mirrors．
23．The author writes the text mainly to tell readersA．
A．the change of her attitudes toward her complexion
B．varied standards of beauty in different periods
C．how her appearance helped her to succeed
D．why she thinks black skin is beautiful．

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