12．Sometimes we cry because we are sad and sometimes because we are extremely happy．An irritant.such——青夏教育精英家教网—

12．Sometimes we cry because we are sad and sometimes because we are extremely happy．An irritant（刺激物），such as onion（洋葱） smell or grains of sand in the eye，can also make cry．In this case tears perform an obvious role in getting rid of substances that might harm the surface of the eye．
Dr．William Frey of the Dry Eye and Tear Research Center at St．Paul in Minnesota，USA，believes that tears from emotional causes may perform a similar role．He thinks that crying could get rid of emotional stress by washing away a chemical in the blood caused by strong emotions．To prove his theory，he hopes first to identify this chemical and then see if it is found in tears of sadness or happiness．
So far，Dr．Frey has failed to find out the difference between emotional tears and tears caused by an irritant in the eye．This may be because these substances themselves cause a degree of stress and emotion．What he has identified in all tears is a variety of biochemicals（生化物）which are one of the causes of stress．A more detailed study may help us understand why sufferers from stress-related disorders cry less often than healthy people．Dr．Frey is also very interested to see if there are any physiological（生理学的）explanations for why women，in general，cry five times more often than men，on average．

64．The main purpose of Dr．Frey's study of tears is toD
A．show that there are two types of tears，caused by irritants and by emotions
B．find out the cause of stress-related problems and emotional disorders
C．explain why women cry more often than men
D．prove that tears can remove a chemical in the blood caused by strong emotions
65．Which of the following is true according to the passage？C
A．Tears fail to help get rid of emotional stress．
B．Irritants in the eye result in tears without causing stress and emotion．
C．Healthy people cry more often than those with stress-related problems．
D．The biochemical identified by Dr．Frey has nothing to do with stress．
66．We can learn from the passage thatC．
A．crying does us more harm than good
B．inner feelings don't affect our bodies
C．sorrow may cause some chemicals in our blood
D．emotional tears are different from tears caused by irritants in the eye
67．Dr．Frey believes that tears from emotional causes may play a role in getting rid ofA．
A．emotional stress by washing away a chemical in the blood
B．onion smell or grains of sand
C．sufferings from irritants
D．substances that might not harm the surface of the eye．

11．Are some people born clever，and others born stupid？Or is intelligence developed by our environment and experience？Strangely enough，the answer to these questions is yes．To some extent，person's intelligence is fixed at birth，whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment．This view，now held by most experts，can be supported in a number of ways．
It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with．The closer the blood relationship between two people，the closer they are likely to be in intelligence．Thus if we take two unrelated people at random（随意地） from the population，it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different．If，on the other hand，we take two identical twins they will very likely be as intelligent as each other．Relations like brothers and sisters，parents and children，usually have similar intelligence，and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth．
Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments．We might send one，for example，to a university and the other to a factory where the work is  boring．We should soon find differences in intelligence developing，and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part．This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other，but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degree of intelligence．

68．The writer is in favor of the view that man's intelligence is given to himC
A．at birth
B．through education
C．both at birth and through education
D．neither at birth nor through education
69．If a child is born with low intelligence，he is unlikely toC
A．become a genius so long as he or she works hard enough
B．still become a genius if he should be given special education
C．go beyond his intelligence limits even in rich surroundings
D．never reaches his intelligence limits in his life
70．The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately showsB
A．the importance of their intelligence
B．the role of environment on intelligence
C．the importance of their positions
D．the part that birth plays
71．What can be the best title for the text？B
A．Surroundings                       B．Intelligence
C．Dependence on Environment          D．Effect of Education．

10．Among all the fast growing science and technology，the research of human genes，or biological engineering as people call it，is drawing more and more attention now．Sometimes it's a hot topic discussed by people．
The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with，such as cancer and heart disease．Every year，millions of people are murdered by these two killers．And to date，doctors have not found an effective way to cure them．But if the gene technology is applied，not only these two diseases can be cured completely，bringing happiness and more living days to the patients，but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved，therefore it benefits the economy as well．In addition，human life span（寿命）can be prolonged．
Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children．Some families，with the English imperial（皇帝的）family being a good example，have hereditary（遗传的）diseases．This means their children will for sure have the family disease，which is a great trouble for these families．In the past，doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases．But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly．Scientists just need to find the wrong gene and correct it，and a healthy child will be born．
Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture（生产）human beings in large quantities．In the past few years，scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep； therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned．But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities，for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way．Of course，the governments must take care to control gene technology．

60．What does"these two killers"in the second paragraph refer to？C
A．Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases．
B．The two murderers who killed the cloned baby．
C．The two diseases of cancer and heart disease．
D．Hereditary diseases and cancer．
61．What's the main idea of the third paragraph？C
A．Gene technology can help people to give birth to a baby．
B．Gene technology can be used to clone human babies．
C．How gene technology can be used to treat hereditary diseases．
D．Gene technology can solve all the problems of the English imperial family．
62．In what way can gene technology help to treat hereditary diseases？B
A．Gene technology helps people with hereditary diseases to live longer．
B．Using gene technology，scientists find the wrong gene and correct it．
C．Using gene technology，human babies can be cloned．
D．Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology．
63．What is the main purpose of writing this passage？A
A．Expressing the writer's idea that gene technology will benefit people．
B．Telling people the advantages and disadvantages of gene technology．
C．Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people．
D．Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity．

9．The Middle East countries and other world powers have been facing major political tensions which have made the stability of the crude oil prices very unpredictable．Each day the prospect（前景）of oil prices has become more and more unclear．
Water fuel has been developed as an alternative source of fuel which has fast become popular around the world．This exciting technology has various advantages．More than 70percent of the Earth is covered with water and this fuel source does not produce any harmful pollutants or dangerous emissions（散发物）either．They in fact also double the mileage（里程）of the cars that are powered by them．
Water fuel technology has been known to be the best additional form of fuel source for petrol or other fuel sources．However，any claim that this technology can be only an additional source and not a replacement is totally incorrect and misleading．such ideas have been implied by those who look down on this technology，On the contrary，this technology has numerous benefits such as it does not produce any harmful emissions which can affect the climate changes．It further helps to reduce the level of noise produced by the engines．
Various researches reflect that running costs on fuels for automobiles can be easily saved up to 40percent with the help of water cell technology．This technology can easily work on various cars powered by gas．It can also be used for trucks，vans and other vehicles．The tap water can also be easily used directly and you do not need any special water that is specially treated to be used for this purpose．You can easily find a lot of details so that you can adapt your car to use the technology．

64．We can learn from the first paragraph that the price of oilC，
A．has been rising for a long time   B is going down at present
C is unstable for political reasons   D is decided by powerful countries
65．Water fuel technology has many advantages EXCEPT thatD．
A water fuel will not pollute the environment
B it is very simple to get such kind of fuel
C cars powered by the fuel can be used longer
D it has already been popular around the world
66．People holding the opposite idea think thatB．
A the world climate won't be influenced by fuel
B petrol can't be completely replaced by water fuel
C the engines will give out less noise than before
D water fuel can't act as an additional source for gas
67．What is the best title for the text？A
A．Water Fuel-Becoming a Reality Now        B．Water Fuel-Lower Cost
C．Water Fuel-a Long Way to Go             D．Water Fuel-a Safer Choice．

8．Bad moods can actually be good for you-an Australian study finds that being sad makes people less possible to be taken in，improves their ability to judge others and also improves memory．
The study，carried out by psychology professor Joseph Forgas at the University of New South Wales，showed that people in a negative mood were more critical of，and paid more attention to their surroundings than happier people，who were more likely to believe anything they were told．"Although positive mood seems to promote creativity，flexibility，cooperation，negative moods lead to more attentive，careful thinking and encourage people to pay greater attention to the outside world，"Forgas wrote．"Our research suggests that sadness promotes information processing strategies best suited to dealing with more demanding situations．"
For the study，Forgas and his team conducted several experiments that started with inducing （引起，导致）happy or sad moods in participants through watching films and recalling positive or negative events．In one of the experiments，happy and sad participants were asked to judge the truth of urban myths and rumors and found that people in a negative mood were less likely to believe these statements．People in a bad mood were also less likely to make quick decisions based on racial or religious prejudices（偏见），and they were less likely to make mistakes when asked to recall an event that they witnessed．
The study also found that sad people were better at stating their case through written arguments．Forgas said this showed that a negative mood may actually promote a clearer and more successful communication style．"
"Positive mood is not universally desirable：people in negative mood are less prone to judgmental errors，and are better at producing high-quality，effective persuasive arguments"Forgas wrote．

56．According to the text，people in a bad mood are more likely toA．
A．judge other people more exactly
B．believe anything they are told
C．make quick decisions based on prejudices
D make mistakes when asked to describe an event
57．We can learn from the text that Joseph ForgasD．
A．carried out the experiments alone
B．is a psychology professor in Britain
C．likes to deal with demanding situations in life
D believes bad moods might benefit people's health
58．In what way did Joseph Forgas conclude the study？A
A．By comparison
B．By explanation
C．By analysis
D By inference
59．The text is mainly aboutC
A．how to change bad moods into good moods
B．the differences between good and bad moods．
C．benefits of bad moods
D how to beat bad moods．

7．Sixteen-year-old Karlos Dearmans's future is looking much brighter than be might have imagined．"I've always been into bikes，but never thought I'd end up working with them，"he says．"This scheme has changed my life．"
Karlos is learning to refurbish（翻新） old bicycles in the workshop of ReCycle Bikes，a local community（社区） charity in Sheffied，which has a contract with the city council to provide training opportunities for young people aged 14 to 16，particularly those dropping out of school．
"It's about engaging youngsters with education and you thtraining by teaching them work and life skills，"explains Des Pearce，workshop training manager．"These young people have so much potential，but often don't realize it．"
Established in 2001，ReCycle Bikes repairs bicycles donated by the public，which，once restored，are sold for￡20．Abandoned bikes supplied by the council ensure a steady flow of bikes，but a recently formed partnership with Sheffield University should improve further the prospects of the young mechanics．
"The student population presents a large and ready market，"says Pearce．"So we approached the university last year and offered to host bike sales on the campus．They thought it was a great idea，and agreed to supplement our council funding．This means we can train youngsters to repair extra 500 bikes over three years．"
　　Having set up ReCycle Bikes on his own，Pearce now has the staff and resources to track the career development of those who have passed through his workshop．"However，in the past we depended on the evidence of personal accounts from the schools because of lack of human and material resources，"he says．
　　That most of the teenagers enjoy the work is，according to Pearce，easily explained．"Most kids have ridden a bike and know how to oil a chain or mend a puncture．As low-cost transport，cycling gives the young and old a sense of freedom and independence，and the impact on their well-being is immense．Add to that a growing concern for the environment，and it's no surprise that bike sales are on the increase．"

72．What do we know about ReCycle Bikes？B
A．It is a popular brand of bikes which are sold in Sheffield．
B．It is a local community charity that provides training opportunities for reenagers．
C．It is a contract signed between a local community charity and the city council．
D．It is a training program offered by the city council to those excluded from school．
73．How did ReCycle Bikes run at the beginning？A
A．By repairing bicycles donated by the public and selling them．
B．By donations from the public and Sheffield University．
C．By selling bicycles supplied by the city council．
D．By tuition fees from kids aged between 14and 16．
74．ReCycle Bikes has formed a partnership with Sheffield University becauseA．
A．students at Sheffield University assure a large and ready market
B．Sheffield University offers many mechanical teachers to ReCycle Bikes
C．Sheffield University donates a lot of money to ReCycle Bikes
D．teenagers at ReCycle Bikes can study at Sheffield University
75．ReCycle Bikes depended on information from the schools in the past becauseC．
A．the schools could give accurate information to improve its service
B．students disliked telling the truth when asked about their personal ideas
C．ReCycle Bikes didn't have the ability to track students'career development．
D．most of the training organizations did it this way at that moment．

6．Like all animal species，plant species must spread their offspring to suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parents'genes．Young animals generally spread by walking or flying．Because plants don't have that ability，they must somehow hitchhike（搭车）．Some plant seeds scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water．Many other plant species，though，trick an animal into carrying their seeds．How do they do this？They enclose the seeds within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit's ripeness by its colour or smell．The hungry animal collects and swallows the fruit，walks or flies off，and later spits out the seeds somewhere far from its parent tree．Seeds can thereby be carried for thousands of miles．It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion．In fact，some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body before they can grow．
Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactics．When strawberry seeds are still young and not yet ready to be planted，the surrounding fruit is green，sour and hard．When the seeds finally mature，the berries turn red，sweet，and tender．The change in the berries'colour serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries，fly off，and eventually spit out the seeds．
Naturally，strawberry plants didn't set out with a conscious intention of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be dispersed．Nor did birds set out with the intent of planting strawberries．Rather，strawberry plants evolved through natural selection．The sweeter and redder the final strawberry，the more birds spread its ripe seeds； the greener and more sour the young strawberry，the fewer birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready．
46．What does the underlined word"dispersed"in the third paragraph mean？A
A．spread
B．eaten
C．born
D．planted
47．For plants，which of the following is NOT a way of spreading their offspring to suitable areas？D
A．Hitchhiking．
B．Blowing in the wind．
C．Floating on water．
D．Tracking an animal．
48．Which strategy does the example of wild strawberries describe？D
A．The conscious intent of attracting birds．
B．Spreading by walking．
C．Spreading by flying．
D．The strategy of taking a lift．
49．Why does the author describe how strawberry seeds are spread？C
A．To show plants are good at adapting to the environment．．
B．To show strawberry's special way．
C．To show the plant has different ways of spreading seeds．
D．To show the mystery of plant．
50．What's the passage mainly about？B
A．How animals disperse offspring．
B．How plants disperse their offspring．
C．Plant evolution．
D．Plants'hitchhiking on animals．

5．Like other student athletes，Ray Ray McElrathbey deals with schoolwork，practice and games．But after a long day of studying and working out on the football field，the Clemson University player can't relax with friends．Ray Ray has to make sure his 11-year-old brother，Fahmarr，gets a good dinner，does his homework and goes to bed．
Since taking responsibility for Fahmarr this August，"I've aged dramatically，"said Ray Ray．"I can't be running around at all hours，making 19-year-old decisions．"Ray Ray has temporary custody （监护权） of Fahamrr．Their mother struggles with drug addiction，and they are not in touch with their dad．Ray Ray didn't want to see his brother go into foster care（收养），where both of them have spent time．The brothers now live together in an apartment near the campus in Clemson，South Carolina．
Clemson Tigers fans aren't the only people rooting for Ray Ray．Sports Illustrated，ESPN and ABC News have featured the story of the brothers．They have received praise and many offers of help，but Ray Ray attends the university and arrange their life on a scholarship．Under the rules，he can't accept money or gifts．Coaches'family members can't even give Fahmarr a ride home from school．
This changed a few weeks ago，when the National Collegiate Athletic Association allowed Clemson to set up a trust fund for Fahmarr．It will help provide for his basic needs，including food and clothing．However，the brothers can give each other something that all the money in the world can't buy．Ray Ray says he hopes to instill in Fahmarr qualities of"strength and intelligence"．He says having his brother around is"a great thing，knowing he will grow up right．"
41．What would be the best title for the passage？D
A．Ray Ray McElrathbey Works Hard at College
B．Ray Ray McElrathbey Loves His Brother
C．Parents Fail to Raise Their Children
D．College Football Player Plays Parents'Role
42．Ray Ray and his brother mainly live onC．
A．foster care               B．money or gifts from others
C．a scholarship             D．his coaches'families
43．The underlined phrase"rooting for"in Paragraph 3 can be best explained asA．
A．supporting         B．praising          C．admiring       D．exciting
44．It can be inferred from the passage thatB．
A．Ray Ray must be the best player on his team
B．like his brother，Ray Ray has had little care from their parents
C．Clemson University will raise money for Ray Ray and his brother
D．Ray Ray's brother do well at school
45．Which of the following is True according to the passage？D
A．Ray Ray has few friends to relax with．
B．Ray Ray knows where his father is．
C．Ray Ray's mother suffered from cancer and depends on drugs．
D．Ray Ray is proud to support his brother．

4．Is a mouse that can speak acceptable？How about a dog with human hands or feet？Scientists，the people with the know-how to make such things happen，are now thinking about whether such experiments are morally right or not．
    On Nov.10，Britain's Academy of Medical Sciences launched a study on the use of animals with human materials in scientific research．The work is expected to take at least a year，but its leaders hope it will lead to guidelines for scientists in Britain and around the world on how far they can go mixing human genes into animals in search of ways to fight human diseases．
"Do these constructs （构想） challenge our idea of what it is to be human？"asked Martin Bobrow，a professor of medical genetics at Cambridge University and chair of a 14-member group looking into the issue．"It is important that we consider these questions now so that appropriate boundaries are recognized．"
Using human material in animals is not new．Scientists have already created monkeys that have a human form of the Huntingdon's gene so they can study how the disease develops； and mice with livers （肝） made from human cells are being used to study the effects of new drugs．
However，scientists say the technology to put ever greater amounts of human genetic material into animals is spreading quickly around the world---raising the possibility that some scientists in some places may want to go further than is morally acceptable．
     Last year in Britain there was a lively debate over new laws allowing the creation of human-animal embryos （胚胎） for experiments．On one side of the debate were religious groups，who claimed that such science interferes with nature．Opposing them were scientists who pointed out that such experiments were vital to research cures for diseases．
The experts will publish reports after the end of the study，in which they will give definitions （定义） for animal embryos with human genes or cells，look at safety and animal welfare issues，and consider the right legal framework to work within．
72．What does the underlined word"they"in Paragraph 2 refer to？A
A．Scientists in Britain and around the world．
B．Leaders of the research．
C．Guidelines for scientists．
D．Scientific experiments．
73．Scientists do research of mixing human genes into animals in order toB
A．test new drugs on animals
B．to find ways to fight human diseases
C．prove the research is morally acceptable
D．create monkeys and mice with livers made from human cells
74．We can infer from the passage thatC
A．the experts will release reports after the study
B．scientists have never doubted the use of animals with human materials
C．the creation of human-animal embryos for experiments is legal in Britain
D．religious groups hold that cures for diseases have to be done through experiments
75．What would be the best title of the passage？A
A．Morally right or not？
B．A debate about new laws
C．Cures for diseases
D．Animal embryos with human genes．

3．Some people worry about being the target of laughter．These people are frightened．They suffer from an emotional disorder called gelotophobia．That long name comes from the Greek language．The word Gelos means laugh，while phobos means fear．
Victor Rubio is an expert on human behavior at the Autonomous University of Madrid．He says people laugh at others for many different reasons．He says being laughed at causes a fear response in the victim．That fear leads the victim to avoid social situations．Sadly，gelotophobia limits the way they lead their lives．
Victor Rubio was among researchers in a huge international study about laughter．The researchers wanted to understand the difference between normal shyness and true gelotophobia．Another goal was to measure the fear of being laughed at within different cultures．
A team from the University of Zurich led ninety-three researchers from many countries in search of answers
The researchers surveyed more than twenty-two thousand people．They used questions provided in forty-two languages．Their findings were reported in the scientific publication Humor．
Some of the people questioned said they felt unsure of themselves in social situations．But they hid their feelings．Others said they avoided social situations where they had been laughed at before．People also admitted to differing levels of fear that they themselves were the targets of other people's laughter．The researchers measured and compared all these reactions．
Fear of being laughed at，being made fun of，is a common emotion．But the researchers learned that these feelings differed from nation to nation．
For example，the study found that people in Turkmenistan and Cambodia are likely to hide insecure （不安） feelings when they are around others'laughter．But people in Iraq，Egypt and Jordan who feel they have been victims before may avoid such situations
People in Finland were the least likely to believe that people laughing in their presence were making fun of them．Only eight and a half percent of Finns said they would-compared to eighty percent of those questioned in Thailand．

64．The passage is mainly aboutD
A．a common emotion   B．laughter
C．shyness            D．gelotophobia
65．In which country are people most likely to avoid social situations where they have been laughed at before？B
A．Turkmenistan      B．Iraq
C．Finland          D．Thailand
66．According to the text the following is true EXCEPT thatA
A．people suffer from gelotophobia because they are shy
B．not all the people questioned hid their feelings in social situations
C．perhaps Humor is a magazine
D．people in Finland are the least likely to suffer from gelotophobia
67．A person who suffers from gelotophobia will probablyD
A．be active in social activities
B．be easily laughed at
C．like to laugh at others
D．like to stay alone．

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