2．I'm usually fairly doubtful about any research that concludes that people are either happier or un——青夏教育精英家教网—

2．I'm usually fairly doubtful about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50years ago．While any of these statements might be true，they are practically impossible to prove scientifically．Still，I was struck by a report which concluded that today's children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s．In fact，the analysis showed，normal children aged 9to 17exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50years ago．
Why are America's kids so stressed？According to the report there are two main causes：increasing loneliness─brought on by high divorce rates and little communication with society，among other things─and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place．
Given that we can't turn the clock back，adults can still do plenty to help the next generation handle such difficulties．At the top of the list is giving children a better appreciation of the limits of individualism （个人主义）．No child is an island．Strengthening social ties helps protect individuals against stress．To help kids build stronger connections with others，you can pull the plug on TVs and computers．Your family will thank you later．They will have more time for face-to-face relationships，and they will get more sleep．
Limit the amount of virtual  violence your children are exposed to．It's not just video games and movies； children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news．Keep your expectations for your children reasonable．Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale．Make exercise part of your daily routine．It will help you deal with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids．Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable．But it doesn't have to ruin your life．

125．The author thinks that the conclusions of any research comparing people's state of mind today with people's state of mind in the past areD．
A．surprising           B．confusing
C．interesting          D．questionable
126．What does the author mean when he says，"we can't turn the clock back"（Paragraph 3）？B
A．It's impossible to slow down the pace of change．
B．The social reality children are facing cannot be changed．
C．Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten．
D．It's impossible to forget the past．
127．According to the analysis，compared with normal children today，children treated as mentally ill 50years agoC．
A．had little communication with friends
B．were probably less self-centered
C．probably suffered less from anxiety
D．were considered less individualistic
128．The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children isC．
A．to provide the children with a safer environment
B．to lower their expectations for the children
C．to get the children more active socially
D．to set an example for the children to follow
129．What conclusion can be drawn from the passage？A
A．Anxiety，though unavoidable，can be dealt with．
B．Children's anxiety has been taken too seriously．
C．Children's anxiety can disappear with more parental care．
D．Anxiety，if properly controlled，may help children become mature．

1．It is，everyone agrees，a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak，and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation．
Language learning begins with listening．Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking，and late starters are often long listeners．Most children will"obey"spoken instructions some time before they can speak，though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child．Before they can speak，many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises．
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties．It is agreed that they enjoy making noises，and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight，distress，sociability，and so on．But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate，they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language．It is agreed，too，that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment，and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire （能发出的全部声音）．This self-imitation leads on to deliberate （有意识的） imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people．The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech．

111．By"…challenges explanation"Line 2，Para.1．the author means thatC．
A．no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
B．no explanation has been made up to now
C．it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
D．it's high time that an explanation was provided
112．The third paragraph is mainly aboutA．
A．the development of babies'early forms of language
B．the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
C．babies'strong desire to communicate
D．babies'intention to communicate
113．The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that childrenD．
A．usually obey without asking questions
B．are passive in the process of learning to speak
C．are born cooperative
D．learn to speak by listening
114．From the passage we learn thatC．
A．early starters can learn to speak within only six months
B．children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
C．imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
D．children have various difficulties in learning to speak
115．The best title for this passage would beA．
A．How Babies Learn to Speak
B．Early Forms of Language
C．A Huge Task for Children
D．Noise Making and language Learning．

20．Film cameras and digital cameras work in a similar way．
Film cameras
After all，a film camera is basically a light-proof （不透光的） box．It has a lens （镜头） system to focus light onto the film at the back of the camera．
Let's suppose that we are outside on a beautiful summer day trying to take a picture of the family dog．We are using a film camera．We finally get the dog to lie still．You point the camera at him．What happens？Light goes into the camera lens and hits the shutter．In other words，nothing happens yet．Now let's say that the dog looks really cute and you decide to snap a picture．What happens？When you press the button，the shutter open for a very short period of time．A small amount of light passes through and hits the film at the back of the camera．This creates an upside-down and reversed （反向的）image on the film．
    When you finish the roll of the film，you can take it to the photo shop to develop it and you will have a great picture of your dog!
    Cameras come with different lens lengths．Why does it matter？Many small cameras have shorter focal lengths，which means that there is a small distance between the lens and the place where the light focuses at the back of the camera．This gives you a large view of the area you are taking a picture of．Lenses with a long focal length show a smaller area but allow you to focus on distant objects and make them bigger．They are often called telephoto lenses．A good example of a long focus lens is one that is used by sports photographers to get photos of football players as if they were standing right beside them．
Digital cameras
    In digital cameras，the light falls not on film but onto a sensor （传感器）called a CCD （Charge Coupled Device）．This digitally converts（转变） light and colour into a digital information or pixels （象素）．The CCD is the heart of any digital camera and usually the most expensive part----depending on how good it is．
67．Which of the following statements is TRUE？C
A．Both digital and film cameras focus light onto the film．
B．All cameras have a sensor．
C．Digital cameras and film cameras have something in common．．
D．Small cameras usually have longer focal lengths．
68．In the"Film cameras"part，you fail to take the picture of the dog becauseC．
A．light goes into the camera lens and hits the shutter
B．you haven't aimed the camera at the dog
C．the image of the dog is not created
D．the sensor fails to convert light and colour into a digital information
69．The main reason that sports photographers can get clear and big photos of players is thatD．
A．they use digital cameras
B．the lens of their cameras is excellent
C．their focus lenses are short
D．their focus lenses are long
70．Generally speaking，a digital camera's price isA．
A．closely related to the quality of the CCD
B．irrelevant to the quality of the CCD
C．closely related to the lens
D．irrelevant to the lens．

19．Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home in Tucson，Arizona he moved there a few years ago，and I was eager to see his new place and meet his friends．
My earliest memories of my father are a tall，handsome，successful man devoted to his work and his family，but uncomfortable with his children．As a child I loved him； as a school girl and young adult I feared him and felt bitter about him．He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A's and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as"successful"as he was．Whenever I went out with him on weekends，I used to struggle to think up things to say，feeling on guard．
    On the first day of my visit，we went out with one of my father's friends for lunch at an outdoor café．We walked along that afternoon，did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my son's funny facial expressions．Gone was my father's critical （挑剔的） air and strict rules．Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？What had held him back before？
    The next day dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood．Although our times together became easier over the years，I never felt closer to him at that moment．After so many years，I'm at last seeing another side of my father．And in so doing，I'm delighted with my new friend．In his new home in Arizona，my dad is back to me from where he was．
56．Why did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult？D
A．He was silent most of the time．
B．He was too proud of himself．
C．He did not love his children．
D．He expected too much of her．
57．When the author went out with her father on weekend，she would feelA．
A．nervous      B．sorry              C．tired                  D．safe
58．The underlined words"my new friend"in the last paragraph refer toB．
A．the author's son
B．the author's father
C．the friend of the author's father
D．the café owner．

18．Apparently，we are safe neither at home nor in the business office．We use water in both places，but the research shows that chemicals added to our local water supply to kill harmful bacteria can have unwanted side effects．These chemicals can cause potential harm through drinking and in seemingly harmless activities as cleaning one's house．They are released（set free）from water by daily actions like water running out of tap，spraying from garden pipes，or splashing in dishwashers and washing machines．As the water is moving．these chemicals are released into the air and then breathed in．Once inside our bodies，they start to affect our health．
         Does this mean we should stop bathing？No，say the scientists，but we should put all pollution into perspective．Activities at home such as the burning of coal，cooking oil，or even candles release carbon monoxide and particulates such as cigarette ashes which have been proven as harmful to health as working or living near heavy traffic．New tugs，bedding，and even clothing give off that"new smell，"which is a sure sign of chemicals．In the office，newly applied paint，newly purchased telephones and other telecommunications equipment，and computers release polluting chemicals，too．As offices and homes often have inadequate ventilation （通风），these chemicals can build up to become health problems．Their poisonous effects are only now being slowly recognized．
         These facts suggest that，at a minimum，proper airing of newly purchased goods with an obvious chemical smell is a wise warning．Home and office windows should be opened during good weather．Even one's car needs to be ventilated as well while in the garage．
         We need further research to understand better other potential health dangers，too．For example，the effects of overcrowding of schools （carbon dioxide build-up ），the factory work environment （ an endless list of potentially dangerous substances ），and even home heating and cooling （the air conditioner may be our enemies，not our friends） have only recently started to come to light．Until we understand the effects of our new technological environment better，we can only hope that"there is no place like home．"
64．What is the main idea of the first paragraph？B
A．The air we breathe in is harmful．
B．The water in everyday use is unsafe．
C．Chemicals are added to the drinking water．
D．Chemicals are released in the running water．
65．In Paragraph 2，the underlined sentence means thatC．
A．bathing should be done with caution
B．homes and offices should be aired often
C．any pollution should be taken into consideration
D．we should prevent any pollution from doing harm to us
66．What is the purpose of the passage？C
A．To call on us to guard our water．
B．To show us that no place is like home．
C．To make us aware of the pollution around us．
D．To argue that neither homes nor offices are safe．

17．At the middle school level，there are many academic clubs in which students can participate．Students can choose clubs that focus on an area of interest．
Mathcounts Club
         Mathcounts tries to increase excitement towards mathematic achievement．It hopes to provide students with the foundation for success in science，technology，engineering and mathematics careers．Schools select individuals and teams to participate in competitions．Local competitions are held in February with winners progressing to state competitions and then on to the national level．Mathcounts works to challenge student math skills，develop self-confidence and give rewards for their achievements．
Envirothon
         The Envirothon program focuses on natural resources knowledge and exposes students to diverse environmental issues，ecosystems，and topography．The ecology field competition for five-member middle school teams offers competitions in wildlife，soils，forestry，current environmental issues and aquatics．Students work and learn in middle school clubs and can compete at the local and state level．
Future Problem Solvers
         Future Problem Solvers is an academic club that uses a six-step process to solve problems that may happen in the future．Students who are in the talented and gifted program，who like to"think out of the box，"or who enjoy thinking about futuristic problems may like this club．Teams comprised of four students read future scenes and write up solutions in a booklet using the six-step process．Teams that score high enough can go to the state competition and then to the international competition．
Builders Club
         Builders Club is open to any middle school student who wishes to perform community service．Each Builders Club is co-sponsored by a Kiwanis club and the middle school．The members learn by doing，and they learn organization，teamwork，and leadership．Builders Clubs can sponsor a"Teacher of the Year"program，provide a recycling collection point，organize canned food and clothing drives to support local shelters，adopt a resident at a local senior citizens home，adopt a highway，tutor，etc．
         Middle school academic clubs offer students a place to explore interests or talents．The clubs they join in middle school can help guide choices in high school and beyond．

59．The students who are not interested in competitions woudld like to chooseB．
A．Mathecounts Club
B．Builders Club
C．Future Problem Solvers
D．Envirothon
60．Why do some of the students choose Mathcounts Club？A
A．To be successful in science careers．
B．To enjoy solving future problems．
C．To perform community service．
D．To study wildlife and soils．
61．What is the common feature of the four clubs？B
A．Competitions．
B．Sponsorship．
C．Scientific researches．
D．Teamwork．
62．The passage mainly talks aboutB．
A．the state academic competitions
B．middle school clubs
C．extra-curricular activities
D．the gifted students．

16．One warm May day，two eighteen-year-old students from San Francisco State College decided to cool off with a swim at Bakers'Beach．The two students were named Robert Kogler and Shirley O'Neill．They headed out to sea for a distance of 50 metres．Robert was in front．
"Suddenly，I heard him scream，"Shirley recalls．"I looked round and saw this great grey thing going up in the air．The water seemed to be alive．"
         Robert sereamed again．"It's a shark!Get out of here!"
         An eye-witness，Army Sergeant Leo P．Day was on guard at the nearby army post．He saw exactly what happened next．"I could see this boy struggling with the shark in the water，"he said．"The sea was red with blood．He was shouting and signalling someone to go back，go back．Then I saw the girl．She was swimming towards him．She completely ignored his warning．"
         Shirley reached Robert，and tried to take his hand．
"When I pulled，all I could see was his arm，handing by a thread，"she said．
         So she put her arm about Robert's back，and started to swim towards the shore．She kept praying"Don't'let it attack again!"That journey to the shore seemed to last for hours．At last，as they neared the shore，a fisherman threw them a line，and pulled them both the rest of the way．
         The young man had lost a lot of blood，and died two and a half hours later，From the teeth marks，experts identified the attacker as a Great White Shark．
         For what Sergeant Day called"the greatest exhibition of bravery I have ever seen，"the President of the US gave Shirley a medal for bravery．
56．When Albert was attacked by a shark ShirleyA．
A．was swimming in the sea
B．was watching him on the shore
C．was on guard at the nearby army post
D．was shouting and struggling with a shark，too
57．Choose the right time order of the following events in the story．D
a．Army Sergeant saw the girl swimming to the boy．
b．Shirley saw a great grey thing．
c．They headed out to sea．
d．Robert died．
e．A fisherman threw them a line．
f．He saw a boy struggling with a shark．
A．b，c，e，d，f，a
B．c，a，f，d，e，b
C．b，c，f，a，d，e
D．c，b，f，a，e，d
58．We can learn from the passage thatA．
A．the two students were brave and considerate
B．the fisherman was adventurous and helpful
C．the experts didn't do much research on sharks
D．the Sergeant cared too much about his own life．

15．Every baby born a decade from now will have its genetic code （基因编码） mapped at birth，the head of the worlds'leading genome sequencing （基因图谱） company has predicted．
A complete DNA read-out for every newborn will be technically possible and affordable in less than five years，promising a revolution in healthcare，says Jay Flatley，the chief executive of Illumina．Only social and legal problems are likely to delay the age of"genome sequences，"or genetic profiles．By 2019 it will have become routine to map infants'genes when they are born，Dr Flatly told The Times．
This will open a new approach to medicine，by which conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease can be predicted and prevented and drugs used more safely and effectively．
A baby's genome can be discovered at birth by a blood test．By examining a person's genome，it is possible to identify raised risks of developing diseases such as cancers．Those at high risk can then he screened more regularly，or given drugs or dietary advice to lower their chances of becoming ill．
Personal genomes could also he used to ensure that patients get the medicine that is most likely to work for them and least likely to have side-effects．
The development，however，will raise legal concerns about privacy and access to individuals'genetic records．
"Bad things can be done with the genome．It could predict something about someone-and you could possibly hand the information to their employer or their insurance company．"said Dr Flatley．
"People have to recognize that this horse is out of the barn，and that your genome probably can't be protected，because everywhere you go you leave your genome behind．Complete genetic privacy，however，is unlikely to be possible"，he added．
As the benefits become clearer，however，he believes that most people will want their genomes read and interpreted．The risk is nothing compared with the gain．
63．In the first two paragraphs，the author mainly wants to tell us about．A
A．the significant progress in medicine
B．the promise of a leading company
C．the information of babies'genes
D．the research of medical scientists
64．Which of the following is a problem caused by this approach？D
A．The delaying in discovering DNA．
B．The risk of developing diseases at birth．
C．The side-effects of medicine on patients．
D．The letting out of personal genetic information．
65．What does the underlined sentence"…this horse is out of the barn"mean？D
A．Genetic mapping technique has been widely used．
B．Genetic mapping technique is too horrible to control．
C．People are eager to improve genetic mapping technique．
D．people can't stop genetic mapping technique advancing．
66．What's Dr Flatley's attitude towards the technology？C
A．Tolerant．B．Conservative．C．Positive．D．Doubtful．

14．In today's fast paced，high stress world people are working longer hours than ever，and often exhaust themselves at．day's end in front，of the television to relax enough to begin again in the morning．However，television watching，for most people，does not really lower stress．Studies show that TV viewing more than an hour or so actually creates stress and，especially in women，may lead to the blues．Most individuals are unaware that doing some exercise after work makes them more energetic since it increases energy levels．
         Wise use of free time does not mean getting an advanced degree，although the mental encouragement gained through education is unbeatable in keeping your mind active．Learning new things nearly always adds a spark to your daily life，especially if it is a favorite topic，such as sport，fashion，or art．Also，look through your bookstore or library to find books on your interests．Try to replace a half hour TV watching with reading．
         It is reported that in the United States recently，many individuals have as few as two good friends．Long work hours and car commute act to separate people from each other．This separation is deadly．Find ways to meet people at the end of the day and on weekends．Often this can be best done by combining activities，such as by joining a walking group to get both exercise and companionship．Taking a class will lift your spirits and allow you to meet others with similar interests．Hobbies are great for reducing stress and provide another opportunity for social interaction．
         Using your free time to aid your health may include these elements and many more，such as going to concerts and spending time with family．Overall，the key is to spend less free time being passive．The best ways to use free time are to be mentally and physically active，spend some time outdoors，and interact with other people on a regular basis．
60．What can we learn from the passage？A
A．Watching television may cause women to feel depressed．
B．Finding interests and hobbies in common means taking a class．
C．Going to concerts is the best way to make you mentally active．
D．Getting an advanced degree in education always lights up your life．
61．What does the underlined word"commute"in Paragraph 3 probably mean？B
A．The arrangement to work every day．
B．The journey to work every day．
C．The communication between people．
D．The separation between people．
62．Which would be the best title for the passage？C
A．Live a Happy and Healthy Life
B．Relax Yourself in Various Ways
C．Spend Your Free Time Wisely
D．Interact With Others Outdoors．

13．Recently there was a major discovery in the scientific research-the mapping of all DNA in a human gene（基因） is complete．Couple of years ago，this seems an impossible task for scientist to accomplish．All this progress in science leads us to believe that the day，when the human being will be cloned，is not far away．Human cloning has always been a topic of argument，in terms of morality or religion．
    Taking a look at why cloning might be beneficial，among many cases，it is arguable that parents who are known to be at risk of passing a genetic limitation to a child could make use of cloning．If the clone was free of genetic limitations．then the other clone would be as well．The latter could foe inserted in the woman and allowed to ripen to term．Moreover，cloning would enable women，who can't get pregnant，to have children of their own．
    Cloning humans would also mean that organs could be cloned，so it would be a source of perfect transfer organs．This，surely would be greatly beneficial to millions of unfortunate people around the world that are expected to lose their lives due to failure of single （or more） organ （s）．It is also arguable that a ban on cloning may be unlawful and would rob people of the right to reproduce and limit the freedom of scientists．
    Arguments against cloning are also on a perfectly practical side．Primarily，I believe that cloning would step in the normal"cycle"of life．There would be a large number of same genes，which reduce the chances of improvement，and，in turn，development-the fundamental reason how living things naturally adapt to the ever-changing environment．Life processes failing to do so might result in untimely disappearance．Furthermore，cloning would make the uniqueness that each one of us possesses disappear．Thus，leading to creation of genetically engineered groups of people for specific purposes and，chances are，that those individuals would be regarded as"objects"rather than people in the society．
    Scientists haven't 100 per cent．guaranteed that the first cloned humans will be normal．Thus this could result in introduction of additional limitations in the human"gene-pool"．
    Regarding such arguable topics in"black or white"approach seems very innocent to me personally．We should rather try to look at all"shades"of it．I believe that cloning is only legal if its purpose is for cloning organs； not humans．Then we could regard this as for"saving life"instead of"creating life"．I believe cloning humans is morally and socially unacceptable．
67．Which of the following is true according to the passage？C
A．Genetic limitation will be beneficial for some women．
B．A large number of genes will prevent us from developing．
C．Prohibition of cloning might limit the freedom of scientists．
D．First cloned humans might be normal according to scientists．
68．What's the author's opinion on cloning？D
A．Cloning should be entirely banned．
B．Cloning should be used in creating life．
C．Cloning will take away the right to reproduce．
D．Cloning is acceptable if it is used for cloning organs．
69．Where can you read this article？B
A．In a story book．
B．In a magazine．
C．In a science fiction．
D．In a brochure．
70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？A．

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