From the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions. It has to decide which of the thing——青夏教育精英家教网—

From the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions. It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating, and which are to be avoided; when to attack and when to run away. The animal is, in fact, playing a complicated and potentially dangerous game with its environment, discomfort or destruction.

This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error, for there are too many possible decisions which would prove fatal. So we find, in practice, that the game is always arranged in favor of the young animal in one way or another. Either the animal is protected during the early stages of its learning about the world around it, or the knowledge of which way to respond is built into its nervous system from the start.

The fact that animals behave sensibly can be attributed partly to what we might call genetic learning, to distinguish it from individual learning that an animal does in the cause of its own life time. Genetic learning is learning by a species as a whole, and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to behave in the right way. However, genetic learning depends upon a prediction that the future will more or less exactly resemble the past. The more variable individual experience is likely to be, the less efficient is genetic learning as a means of getting over the problems of the survival game. It is not surprising to find that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning. In the great majority of animals, behavior is a compound of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with．That is why animals can survive．

1.The survival game is considered complicated and potentially very dangerous because ________.

A. decisions made by animals may prove fatal

B. animals are often in danger of being attacked

C. animals make decisions entirely by trial

D. environment is not fit for animals to survive

2.Most animals survive because they can make right decisions by ________.

A. a series of trials and errors

B. knowledge obtained in their life time

C. the nervous system

D. genetic learning and individual experience

3.Concerning the relationship between genetic learning and individual experience, which of the following is right?

A. They develop side by side.

B. They are contradictory, but individual experience is the dominant.

C. Genetic learning is likely to function more if the environments don’t vary much.

D. Genetic learning is more efficient than individual experience.

4.“Genetic learning” refers to ________.

A. learning after an animal is born

B. learning obtained by some members of each generation who happen to behave properly

C. learning gained by all the members in a species

D. learning gained by young animals from their experience

5.What cannot be inferred from the article?

A. The majority of animals depend thoroughly upon genetic learning.

B. Animal behave in particular ways as a result of both individual experience and genetic learning.

C. If animal depended wholly upon individual experience, its chance of survival would be little.

D. Genetic learning depends on the assumption of resemblance between the future and the past.

There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.

The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.

1.A person’s intelligence ________.

A. stays unchanged in a certain environment

B. develops with the change of environment

C. is born at the same level as anyone else’s

D. is affected by the environment as well as the sort of brain he is born with

2.What is meant by “he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.”?

A. He will never fail to develop his intelligence.

B. He won’t become so intelligent as he should.

C. He is able to reach a high level of intelligence.

D. It is impossible for him to develop intelligence.

3.Which of the following statements is true concerning the twins?

A. The sorts of brain they are born with differ greatly.

B. They set up an example for studying the environment.

C. They became orphans once they were born.

D. They were adopted boys.

4.According to the text, the environment in which the twins were reared differs in the following aspects except ________.

A. intelligence level of the parents

B. family economic status

C. the age of their parents

D. community surroundings

If you’re looking for the place that has everything, there’s only one place to visit, and that’s New York. It’s a whole world in a city.

The World of Theatre: All of New York is a stage. And it begins with Broadway. Where else can you find so many hit shows in one place? Only in New York!

The World of Music: Spend an evening with Beethoven at Lincoln Center. Swing to the great jazz of Greenwich Village. Or rock yourself silly at the hottest dance sports found anywhere.

The World of Art: From Rembrandt to Picasso. From Egyptian tombs to Indian teepees. Whatever kind of art you like, you’ll find it in New York.

The World of Fine Dining: Whether it’s a roast Beijing duck (北京烤鸭) in Chinatown, lasagna in Little Italy, or the finest French coqauvin found anywhere, there’s a world of great taste waiting for you in New York.

The World of Sights: What other city has a Statue of Liberty (自由女神像)? A Rockefeller Center? Or a Bronx Zoo? Where else can you take a horse-drawn carriage through Central Park? Only in New York!

1.Which of the following programmes can a visitor have only in New York?

A. To enjoy roast Beijing duck.

B. To taste the finest French coqauvin.

C. To spend an evening with Beethoven.

D. To see the Statue of Liberty.

2.What the writer really wanted to do is to ________.

A. try to persuade readers to pay a visit to New York

B. give readers some information about New York

C. supply readers with some wonderful programmes in New York

D. help readers to get a better understanding of New York

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

The benefits of keeping a journal (日志)

If you want to grow, one important thing you should do is keeping a journal. It may seem simple, but it can make a big difference in your life. I have been keeping journals for years. Writing all the lessons I learn and all the ideas I get has become a habit for me. 1. Here are some benefits you will get by keeping a journal.

◆ It prevents you from losing an idea. Have you ever gotten an idea only to lose it later because you didn’t write it down? 2.But then I developed the habit of writing down every idea that came into my mind as soon as possible. If I’m away from my computer, I usually write it down on a piece of paper that I bring wherever I go. I will then transfer the idea to the journal in my computer.

◆ It helps you review all the lessons you’ve learned. By reviewing your journal, you can quickly see the lessons you’ve learned and the ideas you’ve gotten. 3. You can use the ideas to propel (鞭策) yourself forward.

◆ 4.After keeping a journal for years, you can look back at it and see how far you’ve gone. Things that were big problems in the past might seem small today. The raw ideas you had in the past might have been realized today.

◆ It helps you expand your ideas. When you try to come up with a sentence to express an idea, you are thinking actively about it. 5. In the end, you will expand your ideas.

A. I often experienced that myself.

B. It trains you to express your thoughts.

C. It allows you to see your progress over time.

D. Just use whatever tool you feel comfortable with.

E. Thinking actively helps you connect your idea to another idea.

F. And to be honest, I can’t imagine what my life would be like without it.

G. Then you can do whatever necessary to avoid repeating the same mistakes.

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

I often read of incidents of misunderstanding or conflict. I'm left ________. Why do these people create mistrust and problems, especially with those from other ________?

I was growing up in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s, ________ children from different races and religions played and studied ________ in harmony. At that time my family lived a stone's ________ from Ismail's. And no one was bothered that Ismail was a Malay Muslim and I was an Indian Hindu—we just ________ our differences. Perhaps，our elders had not filled our heads with unnecessary advice, well ________ or otherwise.

We were nine when we became friends. During the school holidays, we'd ________ the countryside on our bicycles，hoping to ________ the unexpected. At times Ismail would accompany my family as we made a rare shopping trip to town. We would be glad of his ________.

When I was twelve, my family moved to Johor. Ismail's family later returned to their village, and I ________ touch with him.

One spring afternoon in 1983, I stopped a taxi in Kuala Lumpur. I ________ my destination. The driver acknowledged my ________ but did not move off. Instead, he looked ________ at me. “Raddar?" he said, using my childhood nickname (绰号).I was astonished at being so ________ addressed (称呼). Unexpectedly! It was Ismail! Even after two ________ we still recognized each other. Grasping his shoulder, I felt a true affection, something ________ to describe.

If we can allow our children to be ________ without prejudice, they'll build friendships with people, regardless of race or religion, who will be ________ their side through thick and thin. On such friendships are societies built and ________ we can truly be, as William Shakespeare once wrote, “We happy few. We band of brothers".

1.A. interested B. puzzled C. pleased D. excited

2.A. parties B. cities C. villages D. races

3.A. why B. which C. when D. how

4.A. around B. together C. alone D. apart

5.A. throw B. drop C. move D. roll

6.A. refused B. made C. accepted D. sought

7.A. paid B. meant C. preserved D. treated

8.A. desert B. search C. discover D. explore

9.A. get through B. deal with C. come across D. take away

10.A. arrival B. company C. effort D. choice

11.A. lost B. gained C.developed D. missed

12.A. stated B. ordered C. decided D. chose

13.A. attempts B. opinions C. instructions D. arrangements

14.A. anxiously B. carelessly C. disappointedly D. fixedly

15.A. fully B. strangely C. familiarly D. coldly

16.A. decades B. months C. years D. departures

17.A. possible B. funny C. hard D. clear

18.A. them B. themselves C. us D. ourselves

19.A. from B. by C. with D. against

20.A. still B. otherwise C. instead D. then

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式

Attitude Is Everything

The story is about how a donkey got out of a deep hole. The donkey’s owner, a farmer, thought 1.__________ impossible to save his donkey and decided to bury it. 2.__________, the donkey managed to get out 3.__________ the help of the soil put in by its owner.

From the story we can see that the donkey was brave and clever enough to save himself. Attitude is everything. I think it’s 4.__________ (absolute) true. 5.__________ we meet with some difficulties, we should calm down and 6.__________ brave to face them. Don’t lose yourself in 7.__________ (sad) and never give up. We can look at things in a different way. If we change our attitude 8.__________ the difficulties, we will find they are not so bad 9.__________ they seem. What’s more, we should try 10.__________ (find) ways to solve the problems. Sometimes, we can turn to our friends, teachers and parents so that we can get help and settle the problems as quickly as possible.

短文改错

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。作文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏子符号（∧）并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

Boys and girls! I’d like to share my swimming experience with you. My swimming experience is extreme interesting. There was a time when I swim like a rock. This went on till one day when I was fishing with a friend of mine at the pond. I slipped into it. Had my friend not come to my rescue, I would have drowned. Since then, I had come to know the important of learning to swim. I didn’t attend at any training class but learned it all by myself. Strange to say, I have no difficult swimming at all now. Though the way I swim looks awkward (笨拙的), at least it can keep me floating. Think of this, I feel quite satisfying.

Yours,

Zhang Ming

假定你是李华，上周日是你的外国朋友Anne的生日。你本来答应参加她的生日聚会，但是你当时正忙于准备月考，不小心忘了赴约。请写信向Anne表达你的歉意，说明原因，并提出补救办法。

注意：1. 字数100左右；

2. 文章中不得出现真实学校与班级；

3. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

4. 开头与结尾已为你写好。

Dear Anne,

_______________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

How to Become Cleverer? Once a boy came to ask a fisherman how to become cleverer, because his mother always called him “foolish boy”.

“That’s easy,” answered the fisherman. “I know one way to make you become cleverer.”

“Really?”

“Of course. It is said a fish head is good for brain. If you eat one, you’ll become cleverer indeed. Pay only three pounds for one fish head.” The boy paid him three pounds and the fisherman cut off a fish head and handed it to him.

A raw fish head is not good—not even for a hungry boy to eat but the boy ate it up in two gulps.

“Do you feel anything?” asked the fisherman.

“Not in my head,” said the boy.

The boy lay on the ground and thought. “One whole fish costs only two pounds. I had paid him three pounds for the fish head. Why couldn’t I have the whole fish for soup, a head for brain and one pound left over?” He jumped up and shouted at the fisherman. “You thief! You are fooling me!” The fisherman laughed, saying, “The fish head works now, you see. ”

1.The boy ate up the raw fish head only in two gulps, because he ________.

A. enjoy it B. wanted to taste it

C. took it as a good medicine D. was a foolish boy

2.The boy came to the fisherman in order to ________.

A. buy a fish head B. ask the fisherman a question

C. buy a whole fish D. A and C

3.________ helped the boy become cleverer.

A. A good meal B. The raw fish head

C. Nothing D. What had happened

A HALF-EMPTY BASKET

Once there was a poor farmer and his farm belonged to (属于) a rich man. One day he brought a basket of apples to the rich man’s house. On the doorsteps, he met two monkeys dressed like children. They jumped onto the basket to eat the apples and threw some on the ground. The farmer politely took off his hat and asked the monkeys to get off. They obeyed (服从) and the farmer went into the house. He asked to see the rich man. A servant took him to the room where the rich man was sitting.

"I have brought you the basket of apples you asked for," he said.

"But why have you brought a half-empty basket?" the rich man asked.

"I met your children outside, and they stole (偷) some of the apples.

1.Why did the farmer bring apples to the rich man? Because ________

A. he was poor

B. he liked the rich man

C. his farm belonged to the rich man

D. the rich man’s children liked apples

2.What did the monkeys do when the farmer was on the doorsteps?

A. They jumped and jumped.

B. They played.

C. They ran away.

D. They ate some of the apples.

3.The monkeys left the basket because ________.

A. they had thrown apples on the ground

B. the farmer had politely asked them to get off

C. they were afraid of the hat

D. the farmer was angry with them

4.How did the rich man feel when he saw the basket? He felt ________.

A. pleased B. unhappy C. excited D. moved

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