Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does a certain thing again, he is impelled(推进，敦促)  by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly; thus a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation (形成) of habits. Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits as long as they live, and sometimes become ruined by them..
There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising, honesty and thoroughness(周详).
Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, lying, stealing and so on. These are all easily formed habits. Unfortunately older persons form habits which ought to have been avoided.
We ought to keep from all these old habits, and try to form such habits as will prove good for ourselves and others

  1. 1.

    Habits, whether good or bad, are formed_______, _______ everyone knows

    1. A.
      day by day; and
    2. B.
      gradually; as
    3. C.
      gradually; that
    4. D.
      century after century; as
  2. 2.

    Why should we pay much attention to the formation of habits?

    1. A.
      Because habits are of great help to every one of us
    2. B.
      Because a man can never get rid of a habit
    3. C.
      It is because we are forced to do them again and again
    4. D.
      It is because it’s hard and even not possible to smooth them away
  3. 3.

    The bad habits formed by __________

    1. A.
      children sometimes stay in all their lives
    2. B.
      older people sometimes can kill them
    3. C.
      persons sometimes can remain with them
    4. D.
      younger people sometimes can break them

阅读下面短文，从各题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。
People who smoke could lose around one third of their daily memory, researchers say.
A study by a team at Northumbria University showed that smokers lost more of their memory when compared to non-smokers.
And the research also found that those who kicked the habit saw their ability to recollect information restored to almost the same level as non-smokers.
The study involved more than seventy 18-to-25-year-olds and included a tour of the university’s campus. Those who took part were asked to recall small details, such as a list of songs played at a campus concert and tasks completed at various points-known as real world memory test. Smokers performed badly, remembering just 59 percent of tasks. But those who had given up smoking remembered 74 percent and those who had never smoked recalled 81 percent of tasks.
Dr. Tom Heffernan, who leads Northumbria University’s Collaboration for Drug and Alcohol Research Group, said the findings would be useful in anti-smoking campaigns. He said, “Given that there are up to 10 million smokers in the UK and as many as 45 million in the United States, it's important to understand the effects smoking has on everyday cognitive（认知的）function-of which prospective memory is an excellent example. ”
“This is the first time that a study has set out to examine whether giving up smoking has an impact on memory. We already know that giving up smoking has huge health benefits for the body, but this study also shows how stopping smoking can have knock-on benefits for cognitive functions too. ’’
The research will now investigate the effects of passive smoking on memory, while Dr. Heffernan and Dr. Terence O’Neil will look into the effects of third-hand smoking-toxins left on curtains and furniture

  1. 1.

    What’s the main idea of the passage?

    1. A.
      Smoking does harm to health
    2. B.
      Smokers take a tour to the University’s campus
    3. C.
      Smoking can affect one’s memory
    4. D.
      Smokers are compared to non-smokers
  2. 2.

    How did those who took part in the study perform when asked to recall small details?

    1. A.
      Smokers did the worst among the participants
    2. B.
      Non-smokers could recall about half of them
    3. C.
      Smokers could recall nothing at all
    4. D.
      Those who gave up smoking did best
  3. 3.

    According to Dr. Tom Heffernan, the findings_______

    1. A.
      would be really a surprise to the public
    2. B.
      would contribute to fighting against smoking
    3. C.
      would be used in real world memory test
    4. D.
      would be nothing new to the researchers
  4. 4.

    What does the underlined word “impact’’ most probably mean?

    1. A.
      order
    2. B.
      impression
    3. C.
      expression
    4. D.
      effect
  5. 5.

    What will Dr. Heffernan and Dr Terence O’Neil do?

    1. A.
      Investigate the effects of third-hand smoking
    2. B.
      Do research on how smoking affects passive smokers
    3. C.
      Find ways to persuade people to quit smoking
    4. D.
      Study whether giving up smoking affects memory

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病） of sleepiness in the nation．“I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr．David．Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest．
The beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago．From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night．“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark．” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock．“People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr．David．“They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. ”
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researches say, is the complexity of the day．Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs．“In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5．5 hours’ sleep．If you’ve got to get 8．5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition．”
To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier．“We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr．David．“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate．”

  1. 1.

    What is the main topic of the passage?

    1. A.
      The history of people’s sleeping patterns．
    2. B.
      The epidemic of sleepiness in the modern times．
    3. C.
      Research on the causes and consequences of sleep-deficit．
    4. D.
      The minimum of our sleeping hours．
  2. 2.

    Which of the following is Dr．David’s opinion?

    1. A.
      People’s metal power suffers if they are lacking in sleep．
    2. B.
      Some people can remain energetic with only 6．5 hours’ sleep a night．
    3. C.
      If they get 8．5 hours’ sleep, people will be full of drive and ambition．
    4. D.
      People who think they are sleeping enough are better off than those who don't．
  3. 3.

    People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9．5 hours a night because _______．

    1. A.
      they had no electricity
    2. B.
      they knew what was best for their health
    3. C.
      they were forced by their parents to do so
    4. D.
      they were not so dynamic and ambitious as modern people are
  4. 4.

    The major cause of sleep-deficit of modern people is _______．

    1. A.
      the endless TV programs in the evenings and the internet
    2. B.
      the heavy work load of the day
    3. C.
      the sufficient energy modern people usually have
    4. D.
      loud noises in the modern cities
  5. 5.

    What does the word “subjects” in paragraph 4 mean?

    1. A.
      Person or thing that is being discussed or described．
    2. B.
      Branch of knowledge studied in a school．
    3. C.
      Person or thing being treated in a certain way or being experimented on．
    4. D.
      Any member of a State apart from the supreme ruler．

BEIJING—Eating at a Beijing restaurant is usually an adventure for foreigners, and particularly when they get the chance to order “chicken without sex life” or “red burned lion head”.
Sometimes excited but mostly confused, embarrassed or even terrified, many foreigners have long complained about mistranslations of Chinese dishes. And their complaints are often valid(有效), but such an experience at Beijing’s restaurants will apparently soon be history.
Foreign visitors will no longer, hopefully, be confused by oddly worded restaurant menus in the capital if the government’s plan to correctly translate 3,000 Chinese dishes is a success and the translations are generally adopted.
The municipal(市政) office of foreign affairs has published a book to recommend English translations of Chinese dishes, which aims to help restaurants avoid bizarre translations. “It provides the names of main dishes of famous Chinese cuisines in plain English,” an official with the city’s Foreign Affairs office said. “Restaurants are encouraged to use the proposed translations, but it will not be compulsory.” It’s the city’s latest effort to bridge the culture gap for foreign travelers in China.
Coming up with precise translations is a daunting task, as some Chinese culinary(烹饪) techniques are untranslatable and many Chinese dishes have no English-language equivalent. The translators, after conducting a study of Chinese restaurants in English-speaking countries, divided the dish names into four categories: ingredients, cooking method, taste and name of a person or a place. For some traditional dishes, pinyin, the Chinese phonetic system, is used, such as mapo tofu(previously often literally translated as “beancurd made by woman with freckles”), baozi(steamed stuffed bun) and jiaozi(dumplings) to “reflect the Chinese cuisine culture,” according to the book.
“The book is a blessing to tourist guides like me. Having it, I don’t have to rack my brains trying to explain Chinese dishes to foreign travellers,” said Zheng Xiaodong, a 31-year-old employee with a Beijing-based travel agency.
“I will buy the book as I major in English literature and I’d like to introduce Chinese cuisine culture to more foreign friends,” said Han Yang, a postgraduate student at the University of International Business and Economics.
It is not clear if the book will be introduced to other parts of China. But on Tuesday, this was the most discussed topic on weibo.com, China’s most popular microblogging site

  1. 1.

    What’s the best title of the passage?

    1. A.
      An adventure for foreigners who eat in Beijing
    2. B.
      Confusing mistranslations of Chinese dishes
    3. C.
      Chinese dishes to have “official” English names
    4. D.
      The effort to bridge the culture gap
  2. 2.

    “chicken without sex life” or “red burned lion head” are mentioned in the beginning of the passage to show              

    1. A.
      some Chinese dishes are not well received
    2. B.
      some Chinese dishes are hard to translate
    3. C.
      some Chinese dishes are mistranslated
    4. D.
      some Chinese dishes are not acceptable
  3. 3.

    What measure has the municipal office taken?

    1. A.
      Recommending a book on Chinese dishes
    2. B.
      Advocating(提倡) using precise translation for Chinese dishes
    3. C.
      Publishing a book on China’s dietary habits
    4. D.
      Providing the names of main Chinese dishes
  4. 4.

    What’s the meaning of daunting in paragraph 5?

    1. A.
      confusing
    2. B.
      disappointing
    3. C.
      discouraging
    4. D.
      Worthwhile

The Swedish Academy in Stockholm on Thursday named Mo Yan winner of the Twenty-Twelve Nobel Prize in Literature.
The academy praised the Chinese writer for what it called his “hallucinatoty realism (魔幻现实主义)”. It noted his ability to combine folk stories, history and modern events in his works.
An academy official said Mister Mo was “overjoyed and sacred” when he learnt he had won the award. He will receive his Nobel diploma, a medal and more than one million dollars at the ceremony in Stockholm in December.
Mo Yan is a leading author of modern Chinese novels. He often writes from memories of his youth. He also sets many of his stories in the area where he was born—Shandong Province in northeastern China.
Mister Mo’s 1987 book Red Sorghum is an example. It is about the extreme violence in rural eastern China during the Communist Revolution in the 1920’s and 1930’s. The story describes the criminal culture of the time, Japan’s occupation and the terrible conditions faced by farm workers. Red Sorghum was later made into a movie.
Mo Yan’s other major works include Big Breasts and Wide Hips, Republic of Wine and Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out.
The Royal Swedish Academy compared him to two 20th century writers: American William Faulkner and Colombia Gabriel Marquez.
Mo Yan’s real name is Guan Moye. Mo Yan means “Don’t speak.” The writer said he chose the name to remember to stop his tongue from getting him in trouble.
China is celebrating the victory of his native son. Minutes after the award was announced, millions of Chinese expressed pleasure and pride for Mo Yan on social media websites

  1. 1.

    How many books of Mo Yan are mentioned in this passage?

    1. A.
      Three
    2. B.
      Four
    3. C.
      Five
    4. D.
      Six
  2. 2.

    It can be inferred from the passage that _____

    1. A.
      many people in China showed their respect for Mo Yan by letters
    2. B.
      Mo Yan is just a pen name
    3. C.
      he was very glad to win the Nobel Prize
    4. D.
      Red Sorghum was once made into a film
  3. 3.

    Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?

    1. A.
      Mo Yan, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature
    2. B.
      The origin of Mo Yan’s work
    3. C.
      The true meaning of Mo Yan
    4. D.
      Bookstore created by Mo Yan

One stormy night many years ago, an elderly man and his wife entered the hall of a small hotel in Philadelphia. Trying to get out of the rain, they came to the front desk hoping to get some shelter for the night.
“Could you possibly give us a room here?” the husband asked.
The clerk, a friendly man with a winning smile, looked at the couple and explained that there were three conventions in town.“All of our rooms are taken,” the clerk said.“But I can’t send a nice couple like you out into the rain at one o’clock in the morning. Would you perhaps be willing to sleep in my room? It’s not exactly a suite, but it will be good enough to make you folks comfortable for the night.”
When the couple declined, the young man pressed on.“Don’t worry about me; I’ll make out just fine.” the clerk told them. So the couple agreed.
As he paid his bill the next morning, the elderly man said to the clerk,“You are the kind of manager who should be the boss of the best hotel in the United States. Maybe someday I’ll build one for you.” The clerk looked at them and smiled. The three of them had a good laugh. As they drove away, the elderly couple agreed that the helpful clerk was indeed exceptional, as finding people who are both friendly and helpful isn’t easy.
Two years passed. The clerk had almost forgotten the incident when he received a letter from the old man. It recalled that stormy night and enclosed a round—trip ticket to New York, asking the young man to pay them a visit.
The old man met him in New York, and led him to the corner of Fifth Avenue and 34th street. He then pointed to a great new building there, a pale reddish stone, with turrets and watchtowers thrusting up to the sky.“That,” said the older man,“is the hotel I have just built for you to manage.”“You must be joking,” the young man said.“I can assure you I am not,” said the older man, a sly smile playing around his mouth.
The older man’s name was William Waldorf Astor, and that magnificent structure was the original Waldorf—Astoria Hotel. The young clerk who became its first manager was George C.Boldt. This young clerk never foresaw the turn of events that would lead him to become the manager of one of the world’s most glamorous hotels

  1. 1.

    The purpose of the author writing this story is to_______

    1. A.
      give people a good laugh
    2. B.
      cover some facts
    3. C.
      promote the business of Waldorf—Astoria Hotel
    4. D.
      deliver a lesson
  2. 2.

    Which of the statements about the story is NOT true?

    1. A.
      The story took place at about one a.m
    2. B.
      The old couple was too poor to afford a luxurious room
    3. C.
      The clerk was willing to help those in need
    4. D.
      The clerk received an unexpected invitation from the old man
  3. 3.

    The underlined word “conventions” in Para.3 can be replaced by_______?

    1. A.
      rooms
    2. B.
      suites
    3. C.
      meetings
    4. D.
      hotels
  4. 4.

    Which of the following proverbs suits the story the best?

    1. A.
      Every little thing helps
    2. B.
      Make hay while the sun shines
    3. C.
      Man proposes； God disposes(处理,决定)
    4. D.
      One good turn deserves another

We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft no longer exists.
One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability. “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. No doubt these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, most people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and powerplanes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon say more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material

  1. 1.

    Compared to the carpenters in the past, modern carpenters are           

    1. A.
      more successful
    2. B.
      more learned
    3. C.
      more imaginative
    4. D.
      more hardworking
  2. 2.

    What does the underlined work “they” (paragraph 2) refer to?

    1. A.
      Carpenters who are fond of oak stairways
    2. B.
      Carpenters who have college degrees
    3. C.
      People who think highly of carpenters of old
    4. D.
      People who think that modern material is of low quality
  3. 3.

    What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?

    1. A.
      People in the past preferred to use oak to build stairways
    2. B.
      It is now expensive to employ a carpenter
    3. C.
      Modern houses last as long as the old ones
    4. D.
      Good carpenters still exist in modern times
  4. 4.

    What would be the best title for the text?

    1. A.
      Is Craft Dead?
    2. B.
      Craft, Back to Life?
    3. C.
      History of Craftsmanship
    4. D.
      Carpenters Today and Yesterday

When you get in your car, you reach for it. When you're at work, you take a break to have a moment alone with it. When you get into a lift, you play with it.
Cigarette? Cup of coffee? No, it's the third most addictive thing in modem life, the cell phone. And experts say it is becoming more difficult for many people to curb their longing to hug it more tightly than most of their personal relationships.
The costs are becoming more and more evident, and I don't mean just the monthly bill. Dr.Chris Knippers, a counselor at the Betty ford Center in Southern California, reports that the overuse of cell phones has become a social problem not much different from other harmful addictions: a barrier to one-on -one personal contact, and an escape from reality. Sounds extreme, but we' ve all witnessed the evidence: The person at a restaurant who talks on the phone through an entire meal, ignoring his kids around the table; the woman who talks on the phone in the car, ignoring her husband; the teen who texts messages all the way home from school, avoiding contact with kids all around him. Jim Williams, an industrial sociologist based in Massachusetts, notes that cell - phone addiction is part of a set of symptoms in a widening gulf of personal separation. He points to a study by Duke University researchers that found one-quarter of Americans say they have no one to discuss their most important personal business with. Despite the growing use of phones, e - mail and instant messaging, in other words, Williams says studies show that we don't have as many friends as our parents. “Just as more information has led to less wisdom, more acquaintances via the Internet and cell phones have produced fewer friends,” he says.
If the cell phone has truly had these effects, it's because it has become very widespread. Consider that in 1987, there were only l million cell phones in use. Today, something like 300 million Americans carry them. They far outnumber wired phones in the United States

  1. 1.

    From the first two paragraphs, we can know                   ．

    1. A.
      cell phones have become as addictive as cigarettes
    2. B.
      cell phone addiction is good for building personal relationships
    3. C.
      people are longing to have their own cell phones
    4. D.
      cell phones are the same as cigarettes
  2. 2.

    Cell phone addiction has caused the following effects EXCEPT            

    1. A.
      a barrier to personal contact
    2. B.
      fewer friends
    3. C.
      an escape from reality
    4. D.
      a serious illness
  3. 3.

    The underlined word "curb" in Paragraph 2 means “           ．”

    1. A.
      ignore
    2. B.
      control
    3. C.
      develop
    4. D.
      rescue
  4. 4.

    The example of a woman talking on the phone in the car supports the idea that        

    1. A.
      women Use cell phones more often than men
    2. B.
      talking on the phone while driving is dangerous
    3. C.
      cell phones do not necessarily bring people together
    4. D.
      cell phones make one - on - one personal contact easy
  5. 5.

    Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

    1. A.
      Cell phones Are the New Cigarettes
    2. B.
      Cell phones Are Harmful to the Society
    3. C.
      The New Report about the Cell phone
    4. D.
      The Disadvantages of the Cell phone

When Lew Alcindor was 13, and obviously still growing, a group of schools began offering him scholarships（奖学金）. The Alcindors decided to send their only child to Power Memorial Academy, a small school on Manhattan’s West Side.
At Power. Alcindor came under the control of Coach Jack Donohue, a strict young man who already gained his fame as one of the best coaches in the city. Donohue brought Alcindor along slowly. As a first-year student, the boy was not able to do much but wave his long skinny arms and shoot a basket now and then. But by the second year, when he was 15 years old and nearly 7 feet tall, Alcindor was quick and skillful enough to make the high school All American team and to lead Power to an undefeated season.
From then on be simply got better. Some rival coaches（对方教练）used to take their teams quickly away from the floor before Power warmed up so that their players would not see him any sooner than they had to. Wearing size 16D shoes and sucking a lollipop（棒棒糖）, Alcindor would loosen up by starting his leaping lay-ups（擦板球）. Then he would casually shoot the ball with either hand, to the delight of the fans.
When reporters and photographers began to follow Alcindor closely, Donohue protected his boy firmly. He simply ordered Lew to talk to no member of the press, and this suited Lew fine. He was not comfortable talking to grownups, perhaps because he towered over them. Discouraged photographers began following him in secret as though he were an easily-frightened giraffe. “People want you not for yourself,” Donohue warned him, “but because you’re a basketball player. Don’t forget that.”

  1. 1.

    Many schools offered Alcindor scholarships because_______

    1. A.
      he was young
    2. B.
      he was hardworking
    3. C.
      he was tall for his age
    4. D.
      he was skillful at playing basketball
  2. 2.

    Which of the following best describes Donohue as a young coach?

    1. A.
      serious, popular and slow
    2. B.
      tall, skillful and successful
    3. C.
      kind, powerful and undefeated
    4. D.
      well-known, strict and experienced
  3. 3.

    Why did some rival coaches take their teams away from the floor before Power warmed up?

    1. A.
      Their teams refused to play Power
    2. B.
      Their teams feared to see Alcindor
    3. C.
      Their teams would lose courage
    4. D.
      Their teams would lose interest
  4. 4.

    What does the last paragraph mainly discuss?

    1. A.
      How Donohue protected Alcindor from the press
    2. B.
      How Alcindor disliked meeting reporters
    3. C.
      Why the press followed Alcindor closely
    4. D.
      Why the public wanted Alcindor badly

Since the beginning of the year, smog has covered parts of North China. In January, Beijing saw only five days without smog. The rising PM 2.5 readings terrified many people, and some health experts said that whenever the smog gets serious, hospitals receive more patients suffering acute respiratory（呼吸系统）and heart diseases.
Later, news of polluted underground water in some provinces scared people who wondered whether the water they drink is safe.
So the need to emphasize environmental protection while developing the economy is heard everywhere.
Smog especially is a common concern. Like a popular online post said, air may be the only thing that is equal for everyone, despite your income or vocation. People with higher incomes are able to drink only bottled spring water and eat only organic food by paying higher prices, but they breathe the same air as everyone else.
At a meeting on Monday, many Representatives have expressed their concerns about the air quality, too. One talked about his experience in Beijing. “After taking a taxi from the capital airport to my hotel, which took about an hour, I washed my nose and found the inside of my nose was black. We should ask ourselves this question: Why do we want to develop? It's for living a better life. Dirty air is definitely not a better life," he said.
China needs to develop its economy and invest(投资) in high-tech. Every Chinese wants a strong country. But without blue sky, clean water and safe food, the achievements in the economy will become meaningless. Space technologies are not to be developed for building a base on Mars so that one day all human beings can migrate to the red planet because they have destroyed Earth.
What the public wants is a strong and beautiful China. Former president Hu Jintao spoke at the 18th Party Congress last November saying that great efforts must be made to promote ecological progress and build a beautiful China. The words have shown the central government's resolution to address the environment issue.

  1. 1.

    The effect of smog doesn’t include

    1. A.
      the rising of PM 2.5 readings
    2. B.
      more people suffering diseases
    3. C.
      the increase of people’s income
    4. D.
      patients increased in hospital
  2. 2.

    Why smog has become a common concern?

    1. A.
      Because people have to pay higher prices
    2. B.
      Because nobody can avoid it
    3. C.
      Because we have to develop industry
    4. D.
      Because a popular online-post discussed it
  3. 3.

    The underlined word “they” in paragraph 6 refers to______.

    1. A.
      human beings
    2. B.
      other plants
    3. C.
      space technologies
    4. D.
      industrial development
  4. 4.

    From the last two paragraphs we can infer that______.

    1. A.
      high-tech can completely solve the problem of pollution
    2. B.
      space technologies should be developed in a large scale
    3. C.
      we can move to the Mars after the earth has been destroyed
    4. D.
      we must protect the environment while developing economy
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