题目内容

Bendable wings covered with overlapping (重叠部分) pieces looking like fish scales could be used to build more controllable, fuel?efficient aircraft, a new study finds.

Nowadays, conventional aircraft typically rely on ailerons (副翼) to help control the way the planes tilt (倾斜) as they fly. However, when the Wright brothers flew the first airplane, Flyer 1, over a century ago, they used no ailerons but wires that pulled and stretched the wood?and?canvas wings, to control the plane.

“Scientists have long sought to develop aircraft that can change their wings during flight, just as birds can. However, most previous attempts have failed because they relied on heavy mechanical control structures within the wings. These structures were also complex and unreliable,” said Neil Gershenfeld, a physicist and director of the Centre for Bits and Atoms at MIT.

The new wing consists of a system of tiny, strong and lightweight modules (组件). The shape of the wing can be changed uniformly along its length using two small motors, which apply a twisting pressure to each wingtip. These wings are covered in “skins” of overlapping strips of flexible material like fish scales. These strips move across each other as the wings change themselves, providing a smooth outer surface, the researchers explained.

Wind tunnel tests of these wings showed that they at least matched the aerodynamic (气动) properties of conventional wings, at about one?tenth the weight. “Initial tests using remotely piloted aircraft made with these wings have shown great promise,” said Benjamin Jenett, a graduate student at the Centre for Bits and Atoms at MIT.

The new modular structures the scientists developed could be manufactured quickly in mass quantities and then installed by teams of small robots. These modular structures also can be disassembled more easily, making repairs simpler.

“Still, the first aircraft built using this strategy will not be a passenger jet,” Gershenfeld said. “Instead, the technology will likely first be tested on unmanned aircrafts, leading to aircrafts flying for a long time, to help deliver Internet access or medicine to remote villages.”

1.Why is the Wright brothers' airplane mentioned in the text?

A. To show the history of aircrafts.

B. To show the development of wings.

C. To show the need to improve planes.

D. To show the structure of conventional planes.

2.What makes planes fly like birds when they tilt?

A. Their ailerons. B. Wires and pulleys.

C. Changeable wings. D. Mechanical control structures.

3.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?

A. The shape of the new wings.

B. The purpose of the overlapping strips.

C. The working principle of the new wings.

D. The result of wind?tunnel tests of these wings.

4.What does the underlined word “disassemble” mean in Paragraph 6?

A. Replace. B. Analyze.

C. Put away. D. Take apart.

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Many people write to newspaper and magazines to express their opinions. Letters to the editor must carry the writer’s full name, address and telephone number, although the information is not necessary for publication. This requirement to provide personal particulars is a clear indication that writers are held responsible for what they say. When a writer wants his voice heard, he needs to claim ownership of his voice. Responsibility is the name of the game.

“People today prefer living together to putting their signatures on a marriage certificate because they refuse to accept responsibility for the relationship,” said social worker Ken Yip, “and this is what is causing a lot of family problems.” When we sign a paper, for example, a business contract or a bank document, the signature is a seal of consent, an agreement to take the matter seriously. Most governments and many organizations will not process written complaints if they do not bear the writer’s signature. The absence of a signature, they explain, tells us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does not deserve a reply.

There are people who wish to remain anonymous(匿名的)for various reasons. Multi-billionaire Mr. King donates generously to charity several times a year. He gives simply because he wants to help but not for the publicity his donations may bring, and he does not want his good deeds to make news. In other cases, people insist on anonymity because they are afraid of the consequences of revealing their identity. Crime witnesses may be willing to assist the police, but most are unwilling to give their names when reporting a crime.

Name or no name? The answer is very personal and lies in how much we want to get involved. We all have a name. It is a matter of responsibility to use it when we make a statement, a claim or an accusation. We all want to honour our own name, and it is only by stamping our expression of an opinion with our own name that we honour what we say.

1.What does the writer mean by saying “Responsibility is the name of the game”?

A. Writers need to provide their personal information in the game.

B. Publication must bear the writer’s full name, address and phone number.

C. Writers should be responsible for their names.

D. Names are required to indicate writers’ responsibility for what they say.

2.The second paragraph suggests that a paper without a signature may _______.

A. help to end a relationship B. not get a reply

C. be accepted all the same D. become a family problem

3.Some people don’t want their names known because they are ________.

A. hesitant to make a donation B. unwilling to draw public attention

C. afraid of an accusation D. ready for involvement

4.The passage is mainly about _______.

A. honour and writers B. identity and signature

C. signature and responsibility D. anonymity and signature

Most people realize that fast food isn't the healthiest or best?tasting cuisine(菜肴). It is, however, expected to be fast.

Many chains like McDonald's have struggled with slower food delivery in recent years, because there are more items on the menu. But the world's largest restaurant chain, which serves 68 million customers daily in 119 countries, is trying to change that.

For several months, McDonald's has been testing what's called the “just?for?you experience”. In 200 U S restaurants (and more than 2,000 across the globe), customers are able to order directly from a self?serve kiosk(售货亭), after which an employee brings the meal directly to the table.

McDonald's chief executive Steve Easterbrook, speaking at a McDonald's in New York's Tribeca neighbourhood on Thursday, said the company has long expected customers to adapt to its business model of ordering at the counter and then waiting to collect their own food. Now, he said, “We're adapting our business around customers.”

It showed that “test runs at more than 500 restaurants…showed an increase in foot traffic and contributed to a mid?single?digit percentage increase in restaurant sales, lifting the 5 to 6 average check by 1, on average.” Customer satisfaction scores also increased, “because families, in particular, appreciate having their food brought to them.”The company also announced the beginning of a new mobile order?and?pay app, which would allow customers to order and pay for food from their smart phones.

Mike, a common customer, said, “As a father of two small children, I'm every fast?food chain's target customer. My wife and I try to avoid McDonald's when possible, but like many parents we end up going. I've used the self?serve kiosks and like them a lot: they're easy to use, reduce the pressure of making a choice with impatient customers behind you, and make a big difference in delivery time. I just hope they don't start expecting me to tip.”

1.Why do many chains have a slower food delivery in the past several years?

A. Because they have struggled many expectations.

B. Because they have more dishes to serve people.

C. Because they have the world's largest restaurant chains.

D. Because sometimes they have too many customers.

2.How do customers get their food after ordering food self?serve kiosks?

A. By testing McDonald's machine.

B. By taking food by themselves.

C. By letting waiters bring food for them.

D. By letting employees serve for them.

3.What's the result of trying “just?for?you experience”?

A. It is a great success.

B. It caused traffic jam.

C. It's well received only by app users.

D. It still needs to be observed.

4.What can we infer from what Mike said?

A. His family don't like McDonald's.

B. He's willing to give tips for good service.

C. Self?serve kiosks are a good choice.

D. It's hard for him to spend the delivery time.

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