题目内容

5．Starting in l972，the National Park Service established a policy for forest fires calle Natural Burn．It was acknowledged that some forest fires，such as those caused by lightning were necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems，so the fire should be allowed to burn．However，a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in l988 caused this policy to be abandoned since the fire was initially allowed to burn yet soon out of control．As a result，the fire of l988 destroyed much of Yellowstone，which is America's oldest and most beloved national park．Massive areas of plants were destroyed，and large empty spaces and acres of burned and blackened trees greeted visitors．The rivers and streams were choked with ash，and the ecosystem of the park was changed beyond repair．
    In addition，great numbers of animals were killed by the fires that bumed out of control．The fires were driven by high winds，moving as many as ten miles a day．Many small animals died in the flames．The fires'rapid advances gave the wildlife little chance to escape．Even today，few of these small forest animals have returned to live in the park．In the years immediately following the fires，the numbers of visitors declined rapidly．No one was interested in seeing a blackened and treeless park on vacation．Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful．But now its reputation as America's wonder is damaged permanently．

46．Natural Burn was adopted because some forest fires wereC 
A．hard to put out
B．started by lightning
C．good for the balance of nature
D．approved by National Park Service
47．The big fire in Yellowstone in 1988D．
  A．became out of control at first
  B．destroyed the park completely
  C．was allowed to burn continuously
  D．brought the natural burn policy to an end
48．Why were so many animals killed in the big fire？D 
  A．Because winds were blown from high places．
  B．Because the animals moved only ten miles a day．
  C．Because the animals lived in lower places．
  D．Because strong winds contributed to the fire a lot．
49．Yellowstone was famous for itsC．
A．rare animals   B．unique plants    C．beautiful scenery  D．little streams
50．The text probably comes fromD．
A．a science fiction    B．a news report
C．a commercial ad      D．a geography magazine．

分析 从1972年以来国家公园管理局颁布了一项政策：对于由闪电引起的自然火灾采取放任态度，认为这有助于自然平衡．但是1988年黄石自然公园的大火发生后，这项制度被废除了，因为火灾会带来巨大的损失．本文讲述的就是自然火灾对黄石自然公园的影响．

解答 46．C．细节理解题．根据文章第一段"such as those caused by lightning were necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems，"可知，在过去人们认为自然火灾会对生态平衡有益，故选C．
47．D．细节理解题．根据文章第一段"owever，a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in l988 caused this policy to be abandoned"可知，黄石火灾的发生结束了这一制度，故选D．
48．D．细节理解题．根据文章第二段"The fires were driven by high winds，moving as many as ten miles a day．Many small animals died in the flames．"可知，为大风助长了火势，很多动物来不及逃走就被烧死了，故选D．
49．C．细节理解题．根据文章第二段"Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful．"可知，黄石公园因为自然风光而闻名，故选C．
50．D．推理猜测题．通读全文可知，本文介绍的是自然火灾对于森林的影响，属于自然地理范畴，由此判断文章应选自地理杂志，故选D．

点评 本文是健康环保类阅读，考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力．做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择．在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．

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8．Cowboy or spaceman？A dilemma for a children's party，perhaps．But also a question for economists，argued Kenneth Boulding，a British economist，in an essay published in 1966．We have run our economies，he warned，like cowboys on the open grassland：taking and using the world's resources，confident that more lies over the horizon．But the Earth is less a grassland than a spaceship-a closed system，alone in space，carrying limited supplies．We need，said Boulding，an economics that takes seriously the idea of environmental limits．In the half century since his essay，a new movement has responded to his challenge．"Ecological economists"，as they call themselves，want to revolutionise its aims and assumptions．What do they say-and will their ideas achieve lift-off？
To its advocators，ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics，but a mix of both．Their starting point is to recognise that the human economy is part of the natural world．Our environment，they note，is both a source of resources and a sink for wastes．But it is ignored in conventional textbooks，where neat diagrams trace the flows between firms，households and the government as though nature did not exist．That is a mistake，say ecological economists．
There are two ways our economies can grow，ecological economists point out：through technological change，or through more intensive use of resources．Only the former，they say，is worth having．They are suspicious of GDP，a crude measure which does not take account of resource exhaustion，unpaid work，and countless other factors．In its place they advocate more holistic（全面的） approaches，such as the Genuine Progress Indicator （GPI），a composite index（复合指标） that includes things like the cost of pollution，deforestation and car accidents．While GDP has kept growing，global GPI per person peaked in 1978：by destroying our environment we are making ourselves poorer，not richer．The solution，says Herman Daly，a former World Bank economist and eco-guru，is a"steady-state"economy，where the use of materials and energy is held constant．
Mainstream economists are unimpressed．The GPI，they point out，is a subjective measure．And talk of limits to growth has had a bad press since the days of Thomas Malthus，a gloomy 18th century cleric who predicted，wrongly，that overpopulation would lead to famine．Human beings find solutions to some of the most annoying problems．But ecological economists warn against self-satisfaction．In 2009 a paper in Nature，a scientific journal，argued that human activity is already overstepping safe planetary boundaries on issues such as biodiversity（生物多样性） and climate change．That suggests that ecological economists are at least asking some important questions，even if their answers turn out to be wrong．
 
73．Why does Boulding compare the way economy is run with cowboy and spaceship？D
A．To advocate the importance of space programs．
B．To applaud the appearance of ecological economists．
C．To arouse people's interest in cowboys'adventures on grassland．
D．To awaken people to the need of sustainable development of economy．
74．What does the underlined word"challenge"in paragraph 1 refer to？B
A．Sending a cowboy into space through a spaceship．
B．Establishing an economics taking environmental limits into account．
C．Revolutionizing the ecological economists'aims and assumptions．
D．Enabling ecological economists to make their ideas achieve lift-offs．
75．Ecological economists will disagree thatA．
A．economies are worth growing through intensive use of resources
B．economics should attach importance to the idea of environmental limits
C．ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics
D．the human economy is part of the natural world
76．According to the passage，which of the following about GPI is true？C
A．It keeps growing although the peak appeared in the year 1978．
B．Mainstream economists regard it as a holistic and objective approach．
C．Ecological economists believe it is a better indicator of economy than GDP．
D．It fails to take the factors such as deforestation and car accidents into consideration．
77．We can infer from the last paragraph that the mainstream economists'attitude toward ecological economics isA．
A．doubtful        B．sensitive          C．optimistic        D．over-concerned．
16．Danish scientists studied more than 1，000healthy joggers and non-joggers over a 12-year period．Those who jogged at a steady pace for less than two and a half hours a week were least likely to die in this time．But those who ran more than four hours a week or did no exercise had the highest death rates．
Analysing questionnaires filled out by all the people in the study，scientists concluded the ideal pace was about 8km/h and that it was best to jog no more than three times a week or for 2.5hours in total．People who jogged more closely-particularly those who jogged more than three times a week or at a pace of more than11km/h-were as likely to die as those who did no exercise．
Researcher Jacob Louis Marott，from the Frederiksberg Hospital in Copenhagen，said："You don't actually have to do that much to have a good impact on your health．"
"And perhaps you shouldn't actually do too much．No exercise recommendations across the world mention an upper limit for safe exercise，but perhaps there is one．"
Scientists are not yet sure what is behind this trend-but they say changes to the heart during extreme exercise could contribute．In their report，they suggest："Long-term strenuous exercise may change pathological （病理的） structure of the heart and arteries （动脉）．"
Maureen Talbot，senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation，said："This study shows that you don't have to run marathons to keep your heart healthy．"
"Light and moderate jogging was found to be more beneficial than being inactive or undertaking strenuous jogging，possibly adding years to your life．"
"National guidelines recommend we do 140minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week．"
"If it may sound like a lot for you，brisk walking （快走） is also a good exercise．And if you're bit of a couch potato，this is a good place to start．

61．From paragraph one，we could knowC．
A．the study took 10years
B．more than 1000joggers took part in the study
C．people with no exercise had the highest death rates
D．joggers and non-joggers are likely to die
62．How should we jog properly from the study？A
A．Jog at a pace of about 8km/h no more than three times a week．
B．Jog at a pace of about 11km/h for 2.5hours in total in a week．
C．Jog at a pace of about 11km/h more than three times a week．
D．Jog at a pace of about 8km/h for 2.5hours a day．
63．The underlined word"strenuous"meansB．
A．light           
B．strong          
C．enough           
D．frequent
64．According to the passage，which of the following is Not True？B
A．There isn't an upper limit for safe exercise across the world now．
B．Running marathons helps keep your heart healthy．
C．Light and moderate jogging may help people live longer．
D．The moderate-intensity activity time in a week could be about 140minutes．
65．What is the main idea of the passage？D
A．Jogging everyday is good to health．
B．Brisk walking is better than jogging．
C．Jogging is not a good activity for people who suffer heart diseases．
D．Jogging too much is no better than doing no exercise．
13．With the crazy smog going on in China，businessmen are now ready to grope for your wallet．"Smog economy"is stimulating a shopping spree on certain products against the terrible weather．Now let's see what we have on the list to help us through the crisis．
1．Masks
Well，I would say you had better stay indoors to save your lives．PM 2.5 just surged up to 750 in Beijing recently.3M just sold 220，000 masks of a kind．No.1 best-selling products!
2．Air purifiers
This kind of products is rarely seen in Chinese households in the past．They have become a necessity now．I do like these little gadgets，but they are just too expensive．
3．Oxygen inhalers
I didn't realize oxygen inhalers also get a cut in the smog economy．As a matter of fact，your oxygen uptake has nothing to with relieving （减轻） the impact of smog．It might even lead to oxygen poisoning when you inhale too much oxygen．So don't get greedy．
4．Salt lamps
Compared to oxygen inhalers，salt lamps are even worse．Some stores are selling the products at several hundred yuan，saying that they can release negative ions（离子），reduce radiation levels and purify the air．The lamps mainly contain sodium chloride．The boiling point of sodium is about 800 degrees centigrade and that of candle is 500．So how on earth can negative ions be released at only 500 degrees？
5．Plants that absorb smog
Yeah，right．Plants Vs Smog．It is scientifically justified （证明） that some plants do absorb pollutants from the air．Money plants and calla lilies are among the best-sellers in the market．Even if they don't work，it's good to have some plants in the house anyway．

43．According to the passage，smogA．
A．give some economic chances to businessmen
B．is very bad to economy
C．makes some crisis come out
D．have nothing to do with the economy
44．What is the meaning of the underlined word？D
A．Giving up shopping
B．Feeling down in shopping．
C．Having a lot to buy
D．Buying something enthusiastically．
45．Salt lamps are useless，becauseB．
A．it may cause poisoning
B．it actually can't release the negative ions
C．it reduces radiation level and makes the air dirty
D．the prize is very high
46．How many ways does the author think are useful？B
A.2．B.3．C.4．D.5．
20．Spending hours playing violent video games prevents teenagers from their moral growth，a study has found．It is thought that regular touch to violence and lack of contact with the outside world makes it harder for them to tell right from wrong．They also struggle to trust other people，and see the world from their viewpoints．
    Researchers from Brock University in Ontario found that those who spend more than three hours each day in front of the screen are particularly unlikely to have developed the ability to empathise（同情）．
    The Canadian researchers surveyed 109 boys and girls，aged 13 and 14，about whether they played video games，which games they liked，and how long they spent playing them．Their findings found that 88 percent of teens said they played games，and more than half admitted to playing games everyday．Violent games were among the most popular．
    The teenagers also filled in a questionnaire designed to measure their moral development．For example，they were asked how important it is to save the life of a friend．
    Previous studies have suggested that a person's moral judgement goes through four phases as they grow from children and enter adulthood．By the age of 13 or 14，scientists claim young people should be entering the third stage，and be able to empathise with others and take their viewpoints into account．The research found that this stage appeared to be delayed in teenagers who regularly played violent video games．
    It is also thought that teenagers who play games regularly did not spend enough time in the real world to learn to take other's thoughts into consideration．Researcher Mirjana Bajovic said："The present results indicate that some teenagers；who spent three or more hours a day playing violent video games，are deprived of such opportnnities．"Writing in the journal Educational Media International．the researchers added："Touch to violence in video games may influence the development of moral reasoning because violence is not only presented as acceptable but is also justified and rewarded．"
    They concluded that rather than trying to enforce an‘unrealistic'ban on the games，parents and teachers should encourage teenagers to do charity work and take up after-school activities．

61．What would be the result of playing violent video games？D
A．Making teens easy to get along with．
B．Helping teens make more good friends．
C．Causing teens easier to tell right from wrong．
D．Getting teens hard to take others into consideration．
62．Why did the Canadian researchers carry out the studies？B
A．To discuss how to save the life of a friend．
B．To measure teenagers'moral development．
C．To enrich teenagers'awareness of social life．
D．To develop teenagers'ability to communicate．
63．What call we know from the words of Mirjana Bajovic？A
A．Vio1ent games cost teens social experiences in real life．
B．Playing games regularly will improve teens'intelligence．
C．Playing games inspires teens to develop fast．
D．Playing games makes teens help others．
64．What can be inferred from the text？D
A．Parents and teachers should let teens go online．
B．Playing video games should be forbidden among teens．
C．Game designers should be kindly treated and rewarded．
D．Teens should be encouraged to do more meaningful things．
65．Which of the following would be the best title of the text？A
A．Violent video games affect teenagers'moral development
B．Vio1ent video games delay teenagers'physical growth
C．Violent video games should be forbidden among teenagers
D．Violent video games reduce teenagers'chance in the real world．
10．Experts from nearly 200 countries have spent the past two weeks in Warsaw，Poland．More than 9，000 representatives gathered for a United Nations conference on climate change．Organizers called the meeting to work toward a treaty（条约）to fight rising temperatures on our planet．The treaty would be signed in 2015 and take effect after 2020．
    In the United States，the Environmental Protection Agency is leading government efforts to fight climate change．The agency just ended a series of public hearings across the country．The EPA was seeking comments as it considers tightening clean air rules for coal burning power plants．
    David Doniger is a climate policy expert．He says it is the duty of the EPA to control carbon as a pollutant．He wants the agency to establish new rules that would move the United States toward a cleaner energy environment．
"No one is coming up with standards that would knock out all those power plants．We're   talking about a shift from the dirtier ones to the cleaner ones，and from all those fossil fuel-powered ones towards renewable and even nuclear sources of energy．"
    He says the government is responsible for protecting clean air，not protecting old and dirty  power stations．He says，"That's the only way that we can continue to have the way of life we want without running into the wall on climate change impacts，which in turn will destroy the quality of life we have．"
    The EPA is now considering comments from the nationwide hearings．The agency plans to announce proposed rule changes in June．
60．The United Nations conference was held toA
A．gather opinions from the representatives     
B．make plans for nearly 200 countries
C．deal with the warming climate                
D．call for protection of wildlife
61．What action will the EPA take to fight climate change？B
A．Make more strict rules to limit coal power plants．
B．Develop more nuclear sources of energy．
C．Accept the opinions of the Americans．
D．Close those power plants which pollute the air most．
62．The underlined phrase"knock out"in Paragraph 4 has the same meaning asC．
    A．blow up          B．shut down       C．break up          D．move away
63．Who is responsible for the protection of the clean air in David Doniger's opinion？C
A．The public
B．The EPA．
C．The government
D．The United Nations．
64．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the EPAA
A．values public opinions greatly              
B．ignores the public comments
C．will cancel the former laws             
D．will announce the list of dirty plants．
17．They already guide blind and disabled people； now dogs are to be trained to help people with dementia（痴呆） or Alzheimer's．Alzheimer's can make people confuse night and day or forget basic things such as washing or drinking enough water．
    The dogs will be trained to respond to sound triggers（触发器） in the home that cause them to perform tasks．The duties will include reminding their owners to take medicine，as well as encouraging them to eat，drink and sleep regularly．
    The idea was developed by design students at the Glasgow School of Art and will now be put into practice by Alzheimer's Scotland and Dogs for the Disabled．The first dogs will be distributed to four Scottish couples，where one of the partners is in the early stages of dementia．Some 670，000 people in Britain have dementia and one in three over 65s will develop the condition．By 2021 this is expected to rise to one million．
    Joyce Gray of Alzheimer's Scotland said，"People in the early stages of dementia are still able to live a relatively normal life，and dogs help to maintain routine．"Another advantage of using the pets as companions is that dogs can give them a sense of silent support and companionship．Ms Gray said，"The evidence is that people may forget familiar faces but not pets．It's such a strong bond that people often remember them longest．People don't need to communicate verbally （言语地） but they can still interact．You can have a speechless bond．"
    Helen McCain，director of Dogs for the Disabled，said，"People with dementia often forget to take the medicine．If a dog presents them with a bag with pills in it there's a greater chance of them taking it．The dog would also encourage the owner to take them out for walks，ensuring they keep exercising and interacting with other people．"
32．In Britain people with dementiaA
A．are likely to increase in number    
B．are mostly over 65 years old
C．will be trained to respond to sound triggers    
D．will be able to live a relatively normal life
33．The dogs are taught to perform tasks byD．
A．making some sound signals  
B．communicating with the patients
C．reminding the patients by barking   
D．reacting to some sound triggers
34．What does the underlined word"them"in Paragraph 4 refer to？C   
A．Faces．          B．Triggers．      C．Pets．           D．Companions．
35．What is mainly talked about in the passage？B
A．The idea of dementia dogs was developed by students．
B．Dogs are trained to assist Alzheimer's patients．
C．British people with Alzheimer's are in poor condition．
D．The dementia dogs perform most duties of a doctor．
14．We are so busy that no one in the office can be ______for any other work．（　　）
A．drawnB．pulledC．sparedD．saved
7．Whether we should allow marine （海洋的） parks to stay open has been widely debated in our community recently．A variety of different arguments have been put forward about it．
Smith，a sociologist，argued that dolphin parks provide the only opportunity for much of the public to see marine mammals．As this argument goes，most Australians live in cities and never get to see these animals．Marine parks allow the average Australian to appreciate our marine wildlife．However，in fact，there are many places where they can be seen in the wild．Moreover，these places do not charge an overpriced entry fee-they are free．
Dr．Alison Lane，the director of the Cairns Marine Science Institute，insists that we need marine parks for scientific research．She argues that much of our knowledge of marine mammals comes from studies which were undertaken at marine parks．The knowledge which is obtained at marine parks can be useful for planning for the preservation of marine mammal species．However，Jones，a zoologist，explains that park research is only useful for understanding captive animals and is not useful for learning about animals in the wild．Their diets are different，they have significantly lower life lengths and they are more likely to have a disease．In addition，marine mammals in dolphin parks are trained and this means that their patterns of social behaviour are changed．
The Marine Park Owners Association holds that marine parks attract a lot of foreign tourists．This position goes on to state that these tourists spend a lot of money，increasing our foreign exchange earnings and assisting our national balance of payments．However，foreign tourists would still come to Australia if the parks were closed down．Indeed，surveys of overseas tourists show that they come here for a variety of other reasons and not to visit places like Seaworld．Tourists come here to see our native wildlife in its natural environment and not to see it in cages and concrete pools．They can see animals in those conditions in their own countries．
In a word，perhaps an agreement cannot be reached now．However，a question does deserve our consideration：If we continue with our past crimes against these creatures，how will our future generations view us？

67．Who support（s） the idea of closing marine parks？D
A．Most Australians．       B．Alison Lane．
C．Smith．                  D．Jones．
68．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 3？B
A．The results from studies are valuable in animal preservation．
B．Scientific research at the marine parks has its limitations．
C．Captive animals have biology changes in marine parks．
D．Human behavior causes harmful effects on the animals．
69．Which is NOT the reason to keep marine parks？D
A．For entertainment purpose．
B．For scientific research purpose．
C．For economic purpose．
D．For political purpose．
70．The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly byA．
A．pointing out the problems with keeping the marine parks
B．using evidence he has collected at the marine parks
C．discussing the advantages of animals'natural homes
D．questioning the way the animals are studied．

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