A study of more than five million books, both fiction and non-fiction, has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time. The researchers from the University of Bristol used Google Ng 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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A study of more than five million books, both fiction and non-fiction, has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time. The researchers from the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer, a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books, to search for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger, dislike, fear, joy, sadness and surprise.

They found that almost all of the categories(类别) showed a drop in these “mood words” over time. Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage.

“It is a steady and continuous decrease,” said Dr. Alberto Acerbi. He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature, in a crowded media landscape. “One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20^th century saw the start of other media. Maybe these media- movies, radio, drama- has more emotional content than books.”

Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend, the research, published in the journal PLOS One, found that they also exhibited another interesting behaviour: the ratio(比赛) between the two varied greatly, apparently mirroring historical events.

During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached a peak that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash. But the ratio plunged at the height of the Second World War. Nevertheless, the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trade. In the paper, they even prove that the reverse could be true.

“It has been suggested, for example that it was suppression(压抑) of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing ‘filled with romance and sex’…perhaps,” they conclude, “songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body.”

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statement in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. A study of more than five million books indicated a decline in “mood words” over time except ____________.

82. According to Dr. Alberto Acerbi, one reason for the drop of “mood words” in books may be that __________.

83. What were the two periods when the joy-to-sadness ratio was at its highest?

84. While the researchers found some changes in the use of “mood words” in books, they were not sure that __________.

81.答案：in the category of fear

82.答案：the literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape/ other media – movies, radio, drama – had more emotional content than books.

83.答案：During the Roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash.

84.答案：their research result reflected wider social trends/ songs and books reflected the real population

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You hear this，“No wonder you are fat．All you ever d0 is eat．”You feel sad．“I skip my breakfast and supper．I run every morning and evening．What else can I do?”

Basically you can do nothing．Your genes，not your life habits，determine your weight and your body constantly tries to maintain it．

Albert Stunkard of the University of Pennsylvania found from experiments that“80 percent of the children of two fat parents become fat，as compared with no more than 14．percent of the children of two parents of normal weight．”

How can obese people become thinner through dieting? Well，dieting can be effective．but the health costs are great．

Jules Hirsch，a research physician at Rockefeller University，did a study of eight fat people．They were．given a liquid formula(配方)providing 600 calories a day．After more than 10 weeks，the subjects lost on average 45 kg．But after leaving the hospital，they all regained the weight．

The results were surprising：by metabolic(新陈代谢的)measurement，fat people who lost large amounts of weight seemed like they were starving．They had psychiatric problems．They dreamed of food or of breaking their diet They were anxious and depressed．Some wanted to kill themselves．They hid food in their rooms．

Researchers warn that it is possible that weight reduction doesn’t result in normal weight，but in an abnormal state lust like that of starved non．obese people．

Thin people, however，suffer from the opposite．They have to make a great effort to gain weight Ethan Sims of the University of Vermont got prisoners to volunteer to gain weight．In four to six months—they ate as much as they could．They succeeded in increasing their weight by 20 to 25 percent. But months after the study ended，they were back to normal weight and stayed there．

This did not mean that people are completely without hope in controlling their weight．It means that those who tend to be fat will have to constantly battle their genetic inheritance(遗传)if they want to significantly 1ower their weight．

The findings also provide evidence for something scientists thought was true—each person has a comfortable weight range．The range might be as much as 9kg．Someone might weigh 60--69kg without too much effort．But，going above or below the natural weight range is difficult.The body resists by feeling hungry or full and changing．the metabolism to push the weight back to the range it seeks．

56．The story is mainly written to 。

A．point out the relations between our body and mind

B．warn us it’s extremely harmful to reduce or gain our weight

C．tell us that it’s difficult to make a significant change in our weight

D．stress that dieting 1s a recommended way to help you reach your desired weight

57．Jules Hirsch’s study’found that ．

A．big weight loss could lead to mental problems

B．a person’s weight can be decided by their parents’ weight

C．only dieting cannot produce a desired result in weight reduction

D．big efforts to lose weight may result in a weight much heavier than one’s normal weight

58．From the text，we know that the body can still feel comfortable

A．when the weight goes up or down by 6 kg

B．when the weight goes up or down by l0 kg

C．when the weight is increased by 20 to 25 percent

D．when the weight is decreased by 20 to 25 percent

59．What can be inferred from the passage?

A．When it comes to weight，naturalness is the healthiest

B．Weight reduction could be both risky and painful．

C．Seek professional advice when reducing your weight．

D．There’s no hope and no point in controlling your weight．

E
Sweet potatoes are fat-free, high in fiber and full of the vitamins that research suggests reduce your risk of life-shortening diseases. To stay healthy, we must eat more fruits and vegetables, and sweet potatoes are a great source of beta carotene(胡萝卜素) and other carotenoids(which the body turns into vitamin A). According to a study of the diets of almost 90,000 nurses, eating about one cup a day of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids can cut your risk of stroke in half and reduce your risk of heart disease by 22 percent. Other research suggests beta carotene protects against breast, lung and stomach cancers.
Beta carotene is the most famous member of the carotenoids family. In face, a medium-sized sweet potato contains nearly 12mg of beta carotene(anti-aging experts usually suggest 6 to 11 mg per day). Sweet potatoes are also a low-fat source of vitamin E. Research has linked high E diets with a lower risk of heart disease. This vitamin pill in an orange jacket also packs a vitamin C punchit which has more C than apricots (a kind of fruit). Research suggests that vitamin C protects against ailments (小疾) ranging from cataracts(an eye disease) to cancer. In addition, a UCLA (University of California Los Angeles) study linked high vitamin C diets with a longer life. Recent studies have showed that antioxidant Vitamins C, E and beta carotene fight a fierce battle against free radicals (自由基），which cause cell damage and lead to various illness. Therefore, to keep fit, eat more sweet potatoes.
72. According to the text, there exists a lot of ______in sweet potatoes.
A. fiber, beta carotene, other carotenoids, Vitamin E and C
B. beta carotene, other carotenoids, fiber, Vitamin A and E
C. Vitamin A, beta carotene, fiber, Vitamin E and C
D. beta carotene, other carotenoids, Vitamin A and E
73. This text as a whole suggests that eating sweet potatoes can help______.
A. cut your risk of stroke and heart disease
B. protect against breast, lung and stomach cancers
C. protect against ailments ranging from cataracts to cancers
D. you stay healthy and reduce your risk of life-shortening diseases
74. “ This vitamin pill in an orange jacket” in the passage refers to______.
A. sweet potato     B. vitamin C pill
C. vitamin E pill    D. beta carotene
75. The best title of this passage might be______.
A. On sweet potatoes             B. The vitamin superstar
C. Beta carotene and vitamins      D. Diet and disease

E
The “Monday morning feeling” could be a crushing pain in the chest which leaves y
ou sweating and gasping for breath. Recent research from Germany and Italy shows that heart attacks are more common on Monday mornings and doctors blame the stress of returning to work after the weekend break.
　The risk of having a heart attack on any given day should be one in seven, but a six-year study helped by researchers at the Free University of Berlin of more than 2600 Germans showed that the average person had a 20 percent high chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day.
　 Working Germans are particularly not protected against attack, with a 33 percent higher risk at the beginning of the working week. Non-workers, by comparison, appear to be no more at risk on a Monday than any other day.
　A study of 11000 Italians proved 8 a.m. on a Monday morning as the most stressful time for the heart, and both studies showed that Sunday is the least stressful day, with fewer heart attacks in both countries.
　The findings could lead to a better understanding of what is the immediate cause of heart attacks, according to Dr Stefan Willich of the Free University. “We know a lot about long-term risk factors such as smoking and cholesterol (胆固醇) but we don’t know what actually causes heart attacks, so we can’t give clear advice on how to prevent them,” he said.
　Monday mornings have a double helping of stress for the working body as it makes rapid change from sleep to activity, and from the relaxing weekend to the pressures of work.
　“When people get up, their blood pressure and heart rate go up and there are hormonal (内分泌) changes in their bodies,” Willich explained. “ All these things can have an unfavorable effect in the blood system and increase the risk of a clot (血凝块) in the arteries (动脉) which will cause a heart attack.
　 “When people return to work after a weekend off, the pace of their life changes. They have a higher workload, more stress, more anger and more physical activity,” said Willich.
72．Monday morning feeling, as this passage shows, _________.
A．is not so serious as people thought
B．is harmful to working people in developed countries
C．is the first killer in Germany and Italy
D．is created by researchers in Germany and Italy
73．To protect people from heat attacking, doctors have paid much attention to __________-.
A．people’s working time      B．people’s living place
C．people’s diet and life style   D．people’s nationalities
74．It can be learned from the passage that heart attack has nothing to do with __________.
A．blood pressure     B．heart rate      C．hormonal changes     D．blood group
75．If the researchers give us some advice to avoid Monday morning feeling, what might it be?
A．Stop working on Monday 　　　       B．Create a pleasant working environment
C．Get up late on Monday morning　 D．Do to work with a doctor

E
Humans are naturally drawn to other life forms and the worlds outside of our own. We take delight in the existence of creatures and even whole socicties beyond our everyday lives.
This sense of wonder is universal look at the efforts that scientists have made to find out whether life of some kind exists on Mars, and the popularity of fantasy(幻想) litcrature or movies like The lord of the Rings, This sense of wonder drous us to each other, to the world around us, and to the world of make-believe. But have we gone to far in creating worlds of fantasy that we are missing the phcasure of other worlds that alrewly exist all around us?
Human beings, as biologists have suggested, possess an inborn desire to connect with and understand other life forms, However, people, especially in big cities, often lead rather isolated lices. In a study of British schoolchildren, it was found that children bye age eight were much more familiar with hurmans for television shows and cideo games than with common wildlife. Without modern technology ,a amall pond could be an amazing world filled with strange and beautiful plants, insects,birds,and animals. When we lack meaningful interaction (交互) with the world around us, and sometimes ecen with our families and friends , we seek to understand and communicate with things that exist only in our imaginations or on a computer screen
The world of make-believe is not neccsanly bad, But when the world of famsity becomes the only outlet (出路) our sense of wonder ,then we are really missing something, We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough ,we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense , are really part of our own.
72.The popularity of The Lord of the rings proves
A.the close connestion between man and the fantasy world
B.the wonderful achievements of fantasy literature
C.the fine taste of moviegoers around the world
D.the general existence of the sense of curiosity
73.What can we infer from the underlineed sentence in Paragraph 3?
A.People are fra less familiar with the world of fantasy.
B.The world around us could serve as a sound of wonder.
C.The world of fantasy can be mirred by a small and lively pond.
D.Modern technology prevents us from developing our sense of wonder.
74. If our sense of wonder relics totally on the world of make-believe. we will_______.
A.fail to appreciate the joy in our lives
B.be confused by the world of make-believe
C.miss the chance to recognizc the fantas world
D.be tranped by other worlds exsting all around us
75. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To show us the hidden beauty in our world.
B.To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy wonder
C.To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder
D.To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe

BEIJING—Eating at a Beijing restaurant is usually an adventure for foreigners, and particularly when they get the chance to order “chicken without sex life” or “red burned lion head”.
Sometimes excited but mostly confused, embarrassed or even terrified, many foreigners have long complained about mistranslations of Chinese dishes. And their complaints are often valid(有效), but such an experience at Beijing’s restaurants will apparently soon be history.
Foreign visitors will no longer, hopefully, be confused by oddly worded restaurant menus in the capital if the government’s plan to correctly translate 3,000 Chinese dishes is a success and the translations are generally adopted.
The municipal(市政) office of foreign affairs has published a book to recommend English translations of Chinese dishes, which aims to help restaurants avoid bizarre translations. “It provides the names of main dishes of famous Chinese cuisines in plain English,” an official with the city’s Foreign Affairs office said. “Restaurants are encouraged to use the proposed translations, but it will not be compulsory.” It’s the city’s latest effort to bridge the culture gap for foreign travelers in China.
Coming up with precise translations is a daunting task, as some Chinese culinary(烹饪) techniques are untranslatable and many Chinese dishes have no English-language equivalent. The translators, after conducting a study of Chinese restaurants in English-speaking countries, divided the dish names into four categories: ingredients, cooking method, taste and name of a person or a place. For some traditional dishes, pinyin, the Chinese phonetic system, is used, such as mapo tofu(previously often literally translated as “beancurd made by woman with freckles”), baozi(steamed stuffed bun) and jiaozi(dumplings) to “reflect the Chinese cuisine culture,” according to the book.
“The book is a blessing to tourist guides like me. Having it, I don’t have to rack my brains trying to explain Chinese dishes to foreign travellers,” said Zheng Xiaodong, a 31-year-old employee with a Beijing-based travel agency.
“I will buy the book as I major in English literature and I’d like to introduce Chinese cuisine culture to more foreign friends,” said Han Yang, a postgraduate student at the University of International Business and Economics.
It is not clear if the book will be introduced to other parts of China. But on Tuesday, this was the most discussed topic on weibo.com, China’s most popular microblogging site.
【小题1】What’s the best title of the passage?

A．An adventure for foreigners who eat in Beijing.

B．Confusing mistranslations of Chinese dishes.

C．Chinese dishes to have “official” English names.

D．The effort to bridge the culture gap.

【小题2】 “chicken without sex life” or “red burned lion head” are mentioned in the beginning of the passage to show .

A．some Chinese dishes are not well received

B．some Chinese dishes are hard to translate

C．some Chinese dishes are mistranslated

D．some Chinese dishes are not acceptable

【小题3】What measure has the municipal office taken?

A．Recommending a book on Chinese dishes.

B．Advocating(提倡) using precise translation for Chinese dishes.