some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.A. Because B. IfC. Unless D. While 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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_________some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.

A. Because B. If

C. Unless D. While

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根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Testing the five-second rule

You may have seen a friend drop food on the floor, pick it up, and eat it, while declaring, “Five-second rule! ” It’s said that food dropped on the floor for five seconds or less is still likely to be clean. 1. .

Students at Britain’s Aston University, led by microbiology professor Anthony Hilton, tested the rule and found it to have some scientific basis. The study’s results show that food dropped for five seconds is less likely to contain bacteria than if it sits there for longer, according to Hilton.

The students also found that the type of flooring where the dropped food lands has an effect. 2. Bacteria are most likely to transfer from tiled (铺瓷砖的) surfaces to moist food when the food has stood there for more than five seconds.

3. Therefore, consumers should still be cautious. “However, the findings of this study will bring some light relief to those who have been employing the five-second rule for years, despite a general consensus that it is purely a myth,” professor Hilton said in a statement.

The research team at Aston also surveyed 500 people to find out who employs the five-second rule. Of the people surveyed, 87% said they would eat food dropped on the floor, or have done so in the past. 4. “Our study showed people are also more likely to follow the five-second rule, which our research has shown to be much more than an old wives’ tale,” Hilton says.

Still, scientists say you should be careful about eating food dropped on the floor, especially if you have doubts about the cleanliness of the surface. 5.

A. But is that true?

B. Carpeted surfaces posed the lowest risk.

C. Of those people, the majority were women.

D. We’ve just lost our last excuse to eat food off the floor.

E. Usually people recover from the infection in five to ten days.

F. There is still a risk of infection if certain bacteria are present on the dropped surface.

G. A biologist points out that one in six Americans get sick from food poisoning every year.

A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.

Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism—if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海滩), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.

The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea. From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent. The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done. Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.

As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort. Scott’s last journey, completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world’s imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds. Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.

1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?

A. They were made last week.

B. They showed undersea sceneries.

C. They were found by a cameraman.

D. They recorded a disastrous adventure.

2.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?

A. Frank Hurley.

B. Ernest Shackleton.

C. Robert Falcon Scott.

D. Caroline Alexander.

3.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?

A. Artistic creation.

B. Scientific research.

C. Money making.

D. Treasure hunting.

Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a ＂we＂, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.

1. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?

A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.

B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.

C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.

D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.

2. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they _________.

A. have the instinct to help others

B. know how to offer help to adults

C. know the world better than chimps

D. trust adults with their hands full

3.The passage is mainly about _________.

A. the helping behaviors of young children

B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality

C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature

D. the development of intelligence in children

His comprehensive surveys have provided the most _________ statements of how, and on what basis, data are collected.

A. explicit B. ambiguous

C. original D. arbitrary

It is often the case _________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.

A. why B. what C. as D. that

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21~40各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

During the war,my husband was stationed at an army camp in a desert in California.I went to live there in order to be ______ him. I hated the place.I had never ______ been so unhappy. My husband was ordered out on a long-term duty,and I was left in a tiny shack(棚屋) alone. The heat was ______—almost 125 °F even in the shade of a cactus(仙人掌). ______ a soul to talk to. The wind blew non-stop,and all the food I ate,and the very air I breathed,were ______ with sand, sand, sand!

I was so sorry for myself that I wrote to my parents. I told them I was ______ and coming back home.I said I couldn’t stand it one minute longer. I ______ be in prison! My father answered my ______ with just two lines—two lines that will always sing in my ______— two lines that completely changed my life:

Two men looked out from prison bars,

One saw the mud,the other saw the stars.

I read those two lines______. I was ashamed of myself. I made up my mind I would find out what was good in my present ______ I would look for the stars.

I made friends with the natives,and their ______ amazed me. They gave me presents of their favorite artworks which they had ______ to sell to tourists. I studied the delightful forms of the cactus.I watched for the desert sunsets,and ______ for seashells that had been left there millions of years ago when the desert had been an ocean______.

What brought about this ______ change in me? The desert hadn’t changed, ______ I had.I had changed my ______. And by doing so,I changed an unhappy experience into the most amazing______ of my life. I was excited by this new world that I had discovered. I had looked out of my self-created prison and ______ the stars.

1.A. off B. behind C. near D. beyond

2.A. before B. already C. then D. still

3.A. inflexible B. incomprehensible C. uncontrollable D.unbearable

4.A. Only B.Not C. Many D.Such

5.A. covered B. filled C. buried D. charged

6.A. catching up B. keeping up C. giving up D.getting up

7.A. ought to B. might well C. would rather D.had better

8.A.request B. call C. question D.letter

9.A. comparison B. imagination C. consideration D. memory

10.A. over and over B. by and by C. up and down D.now and then

11.A. company B. occupation C. situation D.relationship

12.A. movement B. reaction C. guidance D.purpose

13.A. refused B. failed C. managed D.happened

14.A. asked B. hunted C. waited D.headed

15.A. floor B. surface C. rock D.level

16.A. shocking B. challenging C. puzzling D.astonishing

17.A. as B. but C. for D.or

18.A. attitude B. principle C. identity D.standard

19.A. vacation B. operation C. affair D. adventure

20.A. sought B. counted C. found D.reached

It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your _________.

A. condition B. income

C. credit D. status

阅读理解。

Stress: Good or Bad?

Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.

In recent years, stress1.(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(2. does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the 3.(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself 4. number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of 5., and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient or6.(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better7.(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.

To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely 8. (get )ill.

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