题目内容
― Who is the girl standing over there ?
― Well , if you know , her name is Mabel .
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it.
1. Look up English to Elvish.
2. Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context(上下文) in Tolkien’s language dictionary.
3. Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc.
You cannot leave out any of these steps. If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors. Why you have to do step 2:
Languages never match up one- to-one. English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems. And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally(逐字地). You have to understand the meaning behind each word.
In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced. Find the best one you can.
Consider the word “fair”. We tend to use it to mean “just”. Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”. In Elvish, these are two entirely different words. So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one.
Consider the nightmare(噩梦)of He left the bar. Is “left” the opposite of “right” (which also has two meanings) ? Is “bar” extruded steel(型材钢), or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages.
And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together. You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere. Sometimes you need “me” or “my”. There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules.
It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”. A dictionary is a tool, a resource. but its entries(词目)should not be mistaken for a finished product. They are raw materials.
【小题1】The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to .
A.consulting the dictionaries when translating between languages |
B.finding out the true meaning in context |
C.ignoring the rules of grammar |
D.leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions |
A.you have to understand the meaning behind each word |
B.Elvish and English are quite different in forms |
C.there are no baths or beds in public bathrooms |
D.Elvish has some words which are hard to find |
A.helps fit the words together |
B.takes a while to learn a language |
C.is a rule to obey |
D.is often forgotten in translating |
A.his impatience to those who insist their wrong translation is right |
B.his puzzle to the questionable translation |
C.the importance of the correct use of dictionaries |
D.the mistaken entries in the dictionaries |
A.learn a foreign language with a dictionary |
B.avoid errors when looking up a dictionary |
C.understand the meaning of a strange word |
D.use a dictionary to translate between languages |
People have smoked cigarettes for a long time now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in what is now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America, saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe . In the late 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least two harmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns, damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found in the leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate. Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person’s breathing muscles. Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy(头晕) or sick to their stomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute. Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs and feet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers’ risk of heart disease and stroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarette smoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
【小题1】.
Tobacco first appeared in_________.
A.Asia | B.Africa |
C.Europe | D.America |
What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?
A.To tell us the bad effects caused by smoking cigarettes |
B.To introduce the history of smoking |
C.To let us know what the cigarettes are made from |
D.To tell the readers that Columbus found the Indians smoking |
._________doesn’t make one’s heart beat as usual.
A.Tar | B.Nicotine |
C.Lung disease | D.Leave |
The following effects are caused by Nicotine EXCEPT that________.
A.It can make new smokers feel dizzy or sick to their stomachs |
B.It lowers skin temperature |
C.It causes the heart to beat less fast |
D.Nicotine will probably kill a person if a smoker takes in too much of it. |
What’s the main idea of this passage?
A.Where did cigarettes come from? |
B.The effect of smoking on your body. |
C.How to smoke is healthy? |
D.Who is the first smoker? |
NPR has ended its contract with Juan Williams, one of its senior news analysts, after he made comments about Muslims on the Fox News Channel.
NPR said in a statement that it gave Mr. Williams notice of his ending in this organization on Wednesday night.
The move came after Mr. Williams, who is also a Fox News political analyst, appeared on the “The O’Reilly Factor” on Monday. On the show, the host, Bill O’Reilly, asked him to respond to the idea that the United States was facing a “Muslim dilemma(窘境).”Mr. O’Reilly said, “The cold truth is that in the world today jihad(圣战), helped and encouraged by some Muslim nations, is the biggest threat on the planet.”
Mr. Williams said he agreed with Mr. O'Reilly.
He continued: “You know the kind of books I've written about the civil rights movement in this country. But when I get on the plane. I got to tell you, if I see people who are in Muslim clothing and I think, you know, they are identifying themselves first and known as Muslim. I get worried. I get nervous. ”
Mr. Williams also made reference to the Pakistani immigrant who was guilty this month trying to plant a car bomb in Times Square. “He said the war with Muslims, America's war is just beginning, first drop of blood. I don’t think there’s any way to get away from these facts,” Mr. Williams said.
NPR said in its statement that the remarks “were inconsistent with our editorial standards and practices, and weakened his reputation as a news analyst with NPR”
The public radio organization said it thanked him for many years of service. Mr. Williams did
not immediately respond on Wednesday night to an e-mail seeking comment.
Mr. Williams' contributions on Fox raised eyebrows at NPR in the past. In February 2009, NPR said it had asked that he stop being identified on “The O’Reilly Factor” as a “senior correspondent for NPR,” even though that title was accurate.
【小题1】 According to the passage, NPR is probably_ .
A.a TV station | B.a public radio organization |
C.a newspaper | D.a website |
A.Juan Williams made comments on the Fox News Channel without NPR's permission |
B.NPR was disappointed about Juan Williams’ performance in its programs |
C.Juan Williams' remarks about Muslims ruined NPR's reputation |
D.Juan Williams' comments and performances didn't agree with NPR's traditions |
A.Juan Williams is afraid of taking a plane. |
B.It’s very easy to recognize Muslims because their clothes are special. |
C.Muslims are sometimes considered dangerous to the safety of the world. |
D.Juan Williams looks down upon Muslims. |
A.NPR ended its contract with Juan Williams |
B.Muslims are the biggest threat to the world |
C.Juan Williams, the senior news analyst of NPR |
D.Fired from NPR, Juan Williams keeps talking on Fox |