题目内容

11．It is reported that there was an air crash in Cuba．Nobody     it with all the passengers killed．（　　）
A．avoidedB．escapedC．missedD．survived

分析 据报道，古巴发生了空难．机上无人幸存，所有的乘客和机组人员都遇难了．

解答 答案D．
A项"避免"；B项"逃脱"；C项"错过"；D项"幸存；幸免于难"；，根据题干中的"with all the passengers killed"可知，所有的乘客和机组人员都遇难了，无人幸存，动词短语"survive sth  幸存…"，因此D项符合语境，故选D．

点评 本题考查动词辨析．解答此类题目首先要读懂句意，理解每个选项动词的意思，然后根据上下文语境锁定合适的动词．平时要加强动词词汇量的积累．

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1．WHY do we sometimes struggle with moral dilemmas？Why is it a crime to take certain drugs but it's acceptable to take others？Why is it wrong to create human embryos （胚胎） to cure diseases suffered by millions？Often，we follow rules that bring little benefit and can even be positively harmful．But the rules are not set in stone，so there is nothing to stop us getting rid of those that don't work and putting better ones in their place．Now an experiment suggests that morality isn't entirely about benefits to individuals．We also tend to make and obey arbitrary moral rules，probably as a way of promoting social consolidation （巩固）．
A classic psychology experiment called"trolley （电车） experiment"suggests that our minds have two moral systems，and they don't always agree．In the trolley experiment，participants are told that an out-of-control trolley could kill five people on the tracks．They must decide whether to turn it onto a second track with only one person on it．Almost everyone does it，sacrificing one to save five．But if instead you have to push one person off a bridge onto the track to stop the trolley，most people say no．That suggests most of us have a strict rule against killing people directly，even for the greater good．
How are such rules formed？Although people with morality appear to rule out the act of killing in the bridge experiment，most moral behavior in animals appears focused on outcomes-the death of an individual，say-rather than the death of the majority．When an animal experiences harm to help a relative，biologists view this as increasing the chances that the animal's genes will survive．Many psychologists think that human moral rules are an extension of this"kin （亲族） selection"．
Kurzban of the University of Pennsylvania did the experiment further．Kurzban's team gave volunteers changes of the bridge situation．Volunteers were asked what they would do and whether their actions were morally right.85% of them said it would be morally wrong to push one person off to save five，whether these people are brothers or strangers，confirming the idea that there is a rule against killing．However，despite thinking it wrong，28% said they would still push a stranger off to save five，while 47% said they would push a brother off to save five brothers．"They're more likely to do this'less moral1 thing if it's to save a relative，"Kurzban says，suggesting kin selection is at work as well as the basic"moral rule"against killing．The experiment shows we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong：one that says some actions，like killing，are bad，and another that tells us to protect kin．So how is this helpful？
Science has made great steps in explaining morality．No longer is it seen as something handed down from on high．Sacrificing yourself so as to protect your kin，for example，can benefit your family genes．Social consolidation demands we have rules，regardless of what they are，to help settle disputes quickly and peacefully．

55．Our moral dilemmas lie in the fact that moral rulesC．
A．can hardly be changed once set                    
B．are against individual benefits
C．can be harmful as well as beneficial            
D．are promoting social consolidation
56．Paragraph Two tells us thatD
A．we should have only one moral system        
B．killing one to save five is a good choice
C．we have to push one person off a bridge      
D．killing people directly can't be accepted
57．The underlined word rule out has the closest meaning toA
A．reject         B．admit        C．control         D．doubt
58．Which action agrees with"kin selection"？B
A．A father choosing his daughter as a．government official．
B．A deer staying behind its group when hunted by tigers．
C．Two baby monkeys fighting for their mother's feeding．
D．A dog killing a wolf to save its master's sleeping baby．
59．Kurzban's experiment suggests thatD
A．most volunteers are against the idea of killing brothers   
B．most people would push a stranger off to save five
C．less moral'thing is right and should be accepted
D．two moral systems that we have seem in conflict
60．According to the passage，the rules of morality are，under some circumstances，D
A．scientific         B．reasonable       C．harmful       D．flexible．
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