题目内容
Drug Reactions – A Major Cause of Death
Adverse（不良的）drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
“The incidence （发生率）of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospital was found to be extremely high,” say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.
They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined as ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy（治疗）.”
An average of 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that “in 1994, overall 2,216, 000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs.” This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.
And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures.
The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.
Dr. David Bates of Brigham and women’s hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. “When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded, ” Bates notes,” and patients receive drug to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency.” He believes computerized surveillance(监视)systems–still works – in – progress at many of the nation’s hospitals – should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.
1．Researchers at the University of Toronto believes that .
A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.
B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.
C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.
D．it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.
2．According to the passage, about 7 out of 100 hospitalized patients in America .
A．die of ADRs each year B．never experience ADRs each year
C．suffer from ADRs each year D．have fatal ADRs each year
3．Adverse drug reactions might include .
A．an allergy to a certain drug B．drug abuse
C．problems in drug administration D．therapeutic failures
4．The underlined word “conservative” in the 5th paragraph possible means .
A．very exact B．too high C．underestimates D．too low
5．According to Dr David Bates, hospitals in America .
A．are not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADRs happenings
B．have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from happening
C．shouldn’t use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patients
D．should know that many ADRs are not easily preventable
CCACA
Trying to make a big decision while you’re also preparing for a scary presentation? You might want to hold off on that. Feeling stressed changes how people weigh risk and reward. However, an article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, suggests stressed people pay more attention to the positive sides of a possible outcome.
It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says Mara Mather of the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with Nichole R.Lighthall. “This is sort of not what people would think, ” Mather says. “Stress is usually associated with negative experiences, so you’d think, maybe I’m going to be more focused on the negative outcomes.”
But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. “Stress seems to help people learn from positive feedback and impairs（削弱）their learning from negative feedback, ” Mather says.
When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s deciding whether to take a new job and is feeling stressed by the decision might focus on the increase in salary more than the longer commute（上下班往返）.
The increased focus on the positives also helps explain why stress plays a role in addictions. People under stress have a harder time controlling their urges. “The compulsion to get that reward comes stronger and they’re less able to resist it,” Mather says. A person who’s under stress might think only about the good feelings they’ll get from a drug, while the downsides shrink into the distance.
Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risk. When men are under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressed, they get more conservative(保守的). Previous research backs this up — men usually react to difficulties while trying to fight them or escape them; women try to find friends and improve their relationships.
【小题1】By saying “You might want to hold off on that” in the first paragraph, the writer suggests that .
| A．you might want to delay making your big decision |
| B．you should save the presentation for later |
| C．you should avoid taking risks |
| D．you might benefit from the stress |
| A．often leads people to take more risks |
| B．often leads people to make balanced decisions |
| C．makes people think more of negative results |
| D．makes people ignore the negative side of problems |
| A．Stress is helpful in getting rid of addictions. |
| B．People who are addicted to drugs are easily stressed. |
| C．When women are stressed, they do not tend to take risks. |
| D．When men are stressed, they are more likely to develop an addiction. |
| A．Stress can affect decision-making. |
| B．Stress increases our desire to get rewards. |
| C．We should think more about the upside of problems. |
| D．There is a link between stress and negative experiences. |
Researchers have found more evidence that suggests a relationship between races (种族) and rates (率) of lung cancer among smokers. A new study shows that black people and Native Hawaiians are more likely to develop lung cancer from smoking. It compared their risk to whites, Japanese-Americans and Latinos.
Researchers at the University of Southern California and the University of Hawaii did the new study. The New England Journal of Medicine published the findings. The eight-year research studied more than 180,000 people. They included present and former smokers and people who never smoked. Almost 2.000 people in the study developed lung cancer.
Researchers say genetics (遗传学) might help explain the racial and ethnic（种族的） differences. There could be differences in how people's bodies react to smoke. But environmental influences, including the way people smoke, could also make a difference.
African-Americans and Latinos in the study are reported smoking the fewest cigarettes per day. Whites are the heaviest smokers. But the scientists point out that blacks have been reported to breathe cigarette smoke more deeply than white smokers. This could fill their lungs with more of the chemicals in tobacco that cause cancer.
Scientists know that some diseases effect different groups differently. And some drug companies have begun to develop racially targeted (针对) medicines. Last June, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a drug designed to treat heart failure in black patients. The name is BiDil. The agency called it "a step toward the promise of personalized medicine."
【小题1】Researchers agree that it is that may probably determine black people’s risk of lung cancer.
| A．the larger amount of smoking than white people |
| B．the living style or habit of the blacks |
| C．the depth of cigarette smoke into their lungs |
| D．the physical strength to react to cigarette smoke |
| A．heavy smokers in America | B．smokers and non-smokers |
| C．the Asians and Hawaiians | D．the black and white people |
| A．explain different races react to some diseases differently |
| B．tell the readers that racial differences exist in smokers |
| C．show a big step people have taken in the medicine area |
| D．support the idea that it is easy for blacks to have cancers |
| A．The way of smoking may increase the risk of lung cancer. |
| B．Race has nothing to do with the risk of having a lung cancer. |
| C．The research was started by the New England Journal of Medicine. |
| D．he risk of lung cancer lies I how much a person smokes. |