阅读理解 How Much to Tip You're out to dinner.The food is delicious and the service is fine.You decide to leave a big fat tip.Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think. Tipping, psychologists hav 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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                                                    How Much to Tip
     You're out to dinner.The food is delicious and the service is fine.You decide to leave a big fat tip.
Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think.
     Tipping,  psychologists have found,  is not just about service.Instead,  studies have shown that tipping
can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter's choice of
words,  to how they carry themselves while taking orders,  to the bill's total.Even how much waiters
remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night.
     "Studies before have shown that mimicry (模仿) brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,
"wrote Rick van Baaren,  a social psychology professor."These studies show that people who are being
mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimicks them."
     So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups.He requested that half serve with a phrase
such as,  "Coming up!"Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back
to the customers.Rick van Baaren then compared their takehome pay.The results were clear-it pays to
mimic your customer.The copycat (模仿者) waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other
group.
      Leonard Green and Joel Myerson,  psychologists at Washington University in St.Louis,  found the
generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill.After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters,
cabdrivers,  hair stylists,  they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers' bills went
up.In fact,  tip percentages appear to plateau (稳定期) when bills topped $100 and a bill for $200 made
the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for $100.
      "That's also a point of tipping,  " Green says."You have to give a little extra to the cabdriver for being
there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you.If they weren't there,  you'd
never get any service.So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there."

1. Apart from service,  how many other factors affecting the customers'tipping are mentioned in the
    passage?

A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.

2. These studies show that________.

A. tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiters
B. people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them
C. the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as those who don't mimick others
D. mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad

3. According to the passage,  which of the following will be likely to show the right change of
    the tip percentages?

4. We know from the passage that the writer seems to________.

A. object to Mr Green's idea about tipping
B. think part of Mr Green's explanation is reasonable
C. give his generous tip to waiters very often
D. support the opinions of Mr Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping

1-4: DCDD

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How to beat nerves

　　Do you blank out, freeze up(呆住)or feel so nervous in exams that you have trouble writing answers to questions that you knew just last night?

　　If so, you likely have a case of test anxiety．

　　But, don’t panic．By recognizing the problem, you are taking the first step towards overcoming it．

　　Believe it or not, a touch of nervousness can sharpen your mind, allowing you to perform more quickly．This is because under stress, the body releases the hormone adrenaline(肾上腺素), which prepares it for something important that will happen．However, too much anxiety can result in sleeplessness, loss of appetite before tests, and poor performance．Some people might feel shaky(weak), hot, or even sick．

　　If you worry a lot or are a perfectionist, you are more likely to have trouble with test anxiety．Those who have prepared poorly for a test or have had negative experiences taking tests may also experience test anxiety．

　　When you feel a storm of anxiety coming on, stop what you're doing and make your mind a blank．If possible, actually tell yourself to ‘STOP!’ This will get your mind off the stress．Then think of being at a place of comfort and let your body relax．As you continue the test, find questions you know the answers to and answer them first．This will help restore your confidence．

　　Talk to yourself using positive language．Make it a habit to replace each negative thought with a logical reason．For example：“I've studied hard and I know the material, so I’m ready to do the best I can．”Another thing you can do is to learn to accept mistakes．In fact, they can be valuable learning opportunities．

　　Last but not least, start test preparation early three to five days ahead of the quiz or test．After all, good study habits and skills．for example, time management and note-taking will give you the feeling that you are in control．

(1)

The main purpose of the passage is to ________．
[　　]
A．	tell you that worrying is no good
B．	show the ways to overcome test anxiety
C．	describe the effects caused by exams
D．	suggest making full preparations for exams

(2)

From the passage, we know that when you experience test anxiety, you ________．
[　　]
A．	are no longer sure of yourself and cannot think clearly
B．	develop negative thoughts about yourself in everyday life
C．	feel so nervous that you can’t sleep before the test
D．	feel anxious in the exam and always fail in exams

(3)

The phrase“last but not least”at the last paragraph means ________．
[　　]
A．	the last but actually there are more
B．	the last in order and importance
C．	the last but as important as others
D．	the last but the most important

(4)

From the passage, we can infer that ________．
[　　]
A．	you should not place too high expectations on yourself
B．	low scores in exams are only a result of test anxiety
C．	you need to get yourself completely under control
D．	test anxiety forms good study habits

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How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feeling

　　Architects have long had the feeling that the place we live in can affect our thoughts, feeling and behaviors．But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(经验的，实证的)basis．They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation．

　　Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity．In 2009, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people think．Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections．Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook．

　　In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate．Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention．

　　Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C．Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia．Tanner and his team found that higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots．

　　Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosen up．If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner, or at parties could increase relaxation．Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax．

　　So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings．“We have a very limited number of studies, so we are almost looking at the problem through a straw(吸管)”architect David Allison says;“How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalize use of them?”That is what we are all struggling with”

(1)

What does Joan Meyers-Levy focus on in her research?
[　　]
A．	Light
B．	Ceilings．
C．	Windows．
D．	Furniture

(2)

The passage tells us that ________．
[　　]
A．	the shape of furniture may affect people’s feelings
B．	lower ceilings may help improve students’creativity
C．	children in a dim classroom may improve their grades
D．	students in rooms with unblocked views may feel relaxed

(3)

The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably mean that ________．
[　　]
A．	the problem is not approached step by step
B．	the researches so far have faults in themselves
C．	the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect
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(4)

Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?________

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How Much to Tip

　　You're out to dinner．The food is delicious and the service is fine．You decide to leave a big fat tip．Why?The answer may not be as simple as you think．

　　Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service．Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter's choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill's total．Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night．

　　“Studies before have shown that mimicry(模仿)brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor．“These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them．”

　　So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups．He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers．Rick van Baaren then compared their take-home．The results were clear－it pays to mimic your customer．The copycat(模仿者)waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group．

　　Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St．Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill．After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers' bills went up．In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau(达到稳定水平)when bills topped ＄100 and a bill for ＄200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for ＄100．

　　“That's also a point of tipping,” Green says．“You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you．If they weren't there, you'd never get any service．So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there．”

(1)

Apart from service, how many other factors affecting the customers' tipping are mentioned in the passage?
[　　]
A．	1．
B．	2．
C．	3．
D．	4．

(2)

These studies show that ________．
[　　]
A．	tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter's factors
B．	people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them
C．	the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group
D．	mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad

(3)

According to the passage, which of the following will be likely to show the right change of the tip percentages?
[　　]
A．
B．
C．
D．

(4)

We know from the passage that the writer seems to ________．
[　　]
A．	object to Mr Green's idea about tipping
B．	think part of Mr Green's explanation is reasonable
C．	give his generous tip to waiters very often
D．	support the opinions of Mr Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping

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