You're out to dinner．The food is delicious and the service is fine．You decide to leave a big fat tip．Why?The answer may not be as simple as you think．
Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service．Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter's choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill's total．Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night．
“Studies before have shown that mimicry(模仿)brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor．“These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them．”
So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups．He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers．Rick van Baaren then compared their take-home．The results were clear－it pays to mimic your customer．The copycat(模仿者)waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group．
Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St．Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill．After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers' bills went up．In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau(达到稳定水平)when bills topped ＄100 and a bill for ＄200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for ＄100．
“That's also a point of tipping,” Green says．“You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you．If they weren't there, you'd never get any service．So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there．”
(1)
Apart from service, how many other factors affecting the customers' tipping are mentioned in the passage?
[ ]
A．
1．
B．
2．
C．
3．
D．
4．
(2)
These studies show that ________．
[ ]
A．
tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter's factors
B．
people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them
C．
the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group
D．
mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad
(3)
According to the passage, which of the following will be likely to show the right change of the tip percentages?
[ ]
A．
B．
C．
D．
(4)
We know from the passage that the writer seems to ________．
[ ]
A．
object to Mr Green's idea about tipping
B．
think part of Mr Green's explanation is reasonable
C．
give his generous tip to waiters very often
D．
support the opinions of Mr Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping
Do you blank out, freeze up(呆住)or feel so nervous in exams that you have trouble writing answers to questions that you knew just last night?
If so, you likely have a case of test anxiety．
But, don’t panic．By recognizing the problem, you are taking the first step towards overcoming it．
Believe it or not, a touch of nervousness can sharpen your mind, allowing you to perform more quickly．This is because under stress, the body releases the hormone adrenaline(肾上腺素), which prepares it for something important that will happen．However, too much anxiety can result in sleeplessness, loss of appetite before tests, and poor performance．Some people might feel shaky(weak), hot, or even sick．
If you worry a lot or are a perfectionist, you are more likely to have trouble with test anxiety．Those who have prepared poorly for a test or have had negative experiences taking tests may also experience test anxiety．
When you feel a storm of anxiety coming on, stop what you're doing and make your mind a blank．If possible, actually tell yourself to ‘STOP!’ This will get your mind off the stress．Then think of being at a place of comfort and let your body relax．As you continue the test, find questions you know the answers to and answer them first．This will help restore your confidence．
Talk to yourself using positive language．Make it a habit to replace each negative thought with a logical reason．For example：“I've studied hard and I know the material, so I’m ready to do the best I can．”Another thing you can do is to learn to accept mistakes．In fact, they can be valuable learning opportunities．
Last but not least, start test preparation early three to five days ahead of the quiz or test．After all, good study habits and skills．for example, time management and note-taking will give you the feeling that you are in control．
(1)
The main purpose of the passage is to ________．
[ ]
A．
tell you that worrying is no good
B．
show the ways to overcome test anxiety
C．
describe the effects caused by exams
D．
suggest making full preparations for exams
(2)
From the passage, we know that when you experience test anxiety, you ________．
[ ]
A．
are no longer sure of yourself and cannot think clearly
B．
develop negative thoughts about yourself in everyday life
C．
feel so nervous that you can’t sleep before the test
D．
feel anxious in the exam and always fail in exams
(3)
The phrase“last but not least”at the last paragraph means ________．
[ ]
A．
the last but actually there are more
B．
the last in order and importance
C．
the last but as important as others
D．
the last but the most important
(4)
From the passage, we can infer that ________．
[ ]
A．
you should not place too high expectations on yourself
B．
low scores in exams are only a result of test anxiety
C．
you need to get yourself completely under control
D．
test anxiety forms good study habits
阅读理解
How do you feel about watching other people work?
Nothing is more refreshing on a warm summer day than watching someone else work．
Right now, I'm sitting on my porch and watching young Beth baling(打捆)the big field on top of the hill．She's been haying that field for over ten years．I know：I put her on the tractor when she was just twelve years old．
She picked a great day for baling．It's not too hot, and there's a nice breeze．On Monday, when she cut the field, it was so hot I thought the corn would start popping in the field．Didn't stop her, though．She just stuck that big hat on her head, wrapped a wet handkerchief around her neck, and set to work．I remember when I would have done the same thing．
While I'm here sucking a lemonade, Beth is driving the “hay(干草)train,” a tractor pulling a baler and an old wagon．You'd think someone her size would never be able to see over the tractor．But somehow she manages．When she's finished, her tracks are very straight．
The whole time she's haying, that dog of hers is working just as hard, running along beside her like he's afraid she'll drive away without him．Beth sure knew what she was doing when she trained him．
The way the machine works is pure poetry．Each row is pushed into shape．When just enough hay is in a bale, it is wrapped up and fastened together．A second or so later, the bale comes flying out and into the old wagon．The person who invented that machine sure was some kind of genius．
That's not to say it works perfectly．Every once in a while a bale misses the mark, especially when you are turning the machine at the end of a row．That means, of course, that you have to go back and pick up those bales and throw them into the wagon．
I can remember when Beth's mother was her age．She looked an awful lot like Beth does now．Makes a man proud to see his daughter and granddaughter taking such good care of themselves．
Well, I suppose I should get up and fill this glass again．Not much fun sitting here with an empty glass．
(1)
We can learn from the passage that at some time in the past the author ________．
[ ]
A．
bought the tractor for Beth
B．
forced Beth to work at an early age
C．
worked in the field like Beth
D．
trained the dog to help Beth work
(2)
In the eyes of the author, the sight of Beth baling hay is ________．
[ ]
A．
uncommon
B．
beautiful
C．
unforgettable
D．
changeable
(3)
Before thrown into the wagon, the hay must be ________．
I want to make a positive influence on the world.I am just trying to live each day 
wheelchair to the other rooms to see the other patients and talk to them and their families.I wanted to let 
cident happened, the author________.
im.
ying to make apple pie all alone for Sophie
ees, and Grandma with Sophie