题目内容

Prevention is better than cure. This saying has never been more appropriate than with reference to vaccination (接种疫苗). There are two main types of vaccines—live vaccines and killed or inactivated vaccines. Live vaccines are vaccines that contain disease causing antigens which are altered in such a way that weakens them to the point that they're no longer able to cause the disease. Killed or inactivated vaccines contain microbes (细菌) that have already been treated by chemical means to prevent them from copying or causing diseases. This means that any kind of vaccine for children cannot produce diseases, but can only help the body in creating antibodies that prevent that particular disease.

For a vaccine to make it to the market, its safety has to be confirmed. So most vaccinations for children are generally quite safe and are essential to children's health.

Vaccination can create immunity to various childhood diseases through deliberate artificial stimulation of the body's defenses. Among children, vaccinations not only prevent diseases and disorders, but also protect the health of the community, especially of those who aren't immunized (使免疫). For example, infants that are less than a year old cannot be given a measles (麻疹疫苗) vaccine but can be infected by measles. This can be prevented if people suitable for vaccination do get themselves vaccinated.

However, no vaccination is hundred percent safe, and there're always certain risks involved in vaccinations for children. For example, general side effects like pain, redness, headaches, swelling or a small lump at the site of the injection are common. Sometimes allergic (过敏) reactions may happen as well.

Therefore, when choosing any vaccination, parents should make an informed decision by weighing all pros and cons of vaccination for children. After all, the side effects of vaccines for children are far less severe, when compared to the symptoms of the diseases they prevent!

Title	(76)________ for Children
(77)________ of vaccines	?Live vaccines contain disease causing antigens that can weaken them to the point that they're (78)________ to cause disease.
?Killed vaccines contain microbes treated by chemical means to avoid copying or (79)________ disease.
(80)________	?Vaccination helps the body in creating antibodies that prevent the disease.
Advantages	?It can not only create immunity to childhood disease but it can also be helpful in (81)________ the health of a (82)________.
(83)________ effects	?Pain, redness, headaches, swelling or a small lump after the (84)________ are common.
?Allergic reactions may also happen.
Conclusion	?Parents should weigh the pros and cons of vaccination when they (85)________ it.

76．Vaccination　77.types　78.unable　79.causing　80.Function　81.protecting　82.community　83.Side

84．injection　85.choose

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World Health Day is celebrated on 7 April to mark the anniversary of the founding of WHO in 1948. Each year a theme is selected for World Health Day that highlights a priority area of public health concern in the world.

The theme for 2013 is high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes(中风). If left uncontrolled, high blood pressure can also cause blindness, irregularities of the heartbeat and heart failure. The risk of developing these complications is higher in the presence of other risk factors such as diabetes(糖尿病). One in three adults worldwide has high blood pressure and this increases with age, from 1 in 10 people in their 20s and 30s to 5 in 10 people in their 50s. High blood pressure is most common in some low-income countries in Africa, with over 40% of adults in many African countries thought to be affected.

However, high blood pressure is both preventable and treatable. In some developed countries, prevention and treatment of it has brought about a reduction in deaths from heart disease. The risk of developing high blood pressure can be reduced by: reducing salt intake; eating a balanced diet; avoiding harmful use of alcohol; taking regular physical activity; keeping a healthy body weight; and avoiding tobacco use.

The final and most important goal of World Health Day 2013 is to reduce heart attacks and strokes, which includes as follows:

1.to raise awareness of the causes and consequences of high blood pressure;

2.to provide information on how to prevent high blood pressure

3.to encourage adults to check their blood pressure and to follow the advice of health-care professionals.

1.High blood pressure can cause medical problems like_____.

A．heart diseases, strokes and blindness B．strokes, heart failure and diabetes

C．heart attacks, blindness and diabetes D．heart troubles,strokes and cancers

2.Who are most likely to be affected by high blood pressure?

A．Those who are in their 20s B．Those who are in their 30s

C．Those who are in their 40s D．Those who are in their 50s

3.Which of the following can NOT reduce the risk of developing high blood pressure?

A．Less salt intake B．Putting on weight C．Regular exercise D．No smoking

4.The text is mainly about______.

A．the theme for World Health Day 2013 B．the causes of high blood pressure

C．the treatment of heart attacks and strokes D．how to reduce the risk of high blood pressure

New York City was dealing with a growing public health threat Sunday after tests confirmed (证实) that eight students at a private Catholic high school had contracted（感染）the same strain of the AH1N1 flu that has ravaged (重创) Mexico . Some of the school’s students had visited Cancun on a spring break trip two weeks ago .

Officials reported 68 U.S. cases of AH1N1 flu in five states so far , with the latest in Ohio and New York . Unlike in Mexico , cases in the United State have been mild – and U.S. health authorities can’t yet explain why .

In New York City , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed that there were 45 cases , Mayor Michael Bloomberg said .

About 100 students at St. Francis Preparatory School complained of flu-like symptoms(症状) ; further tests will determine how many of those cases are AH1N1 flu. St. Francis is the largest private Catholic high school in the nation , with 2, 700 students . The school canceled classes on Monday and Tuesday in response to the outbreak .

Bloomberg stressed that the New York cases were mild and many are recovering , but said that some family members of students also had flu symptoms .

In Mexico , health officials say a strain of AH1N1 flu has killed up to 160 people and sickened over 2, 000 . New York officials said the flu strain discovered in the patients here is the same strain as in Mexico , though all the New York cases are mild .

AH1N1 flu is a respiratory (呼吸道) disease of pigs caused by type A flu viruses . Human cases are uncommon but can occur in people who are around pigs . It also can be spread from person to person . Symptoms include a high fever , body aches , coughing , sore throat and respiratory congestion .

49.The passage seems to suggest that _________ .

New York City hasn’t done enough to prevent the disease

the AH1N1 flu in the U.S. likely came from Mexico

people appear to have immunity (免疫力) to the virus

children are likely to be infected with the AH1N1 flu

50. What did St. Francis do in response to the outbreak ?

A. The school called off courses .

B. The school handed out masks to every student .

C. The school planned another trip to Cancun .

D. The infected students were required to stay at home .

51.Compared with cases in the U.S. cases in Mexico are _________ .

A. milder B. more typical C. more severe D. more gentle

52. Which is the main idea of the article ?

A. AH1N1 flu is spreading quickly globally .

B. Many people died of AH1N1 flu in Mexico

C. How does AH1N1 flu spread ?

D. AH1N1 flu is confirmed in New York City

第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）

第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、Ｂ、Ｃ和Ｄ）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）

Most American colleges and universities take a spring break. Students might go home to their families -- or spend a week partying on a warm beach with no parents around. That is the popular image, at least.

In the United States, the lawful age to drink alcohol is twenty-one -- one of the highest in the world. Americans debate whether it should be lowered, or whether young drinkers would only drink more. In parts of Europe, the lawful drinking age for beer, and sometimes hard liquor, is sixteen. Yet France may raise the age limit for beer and wine sales to eighteen, the same as for hard liquor there.

Rules on alcohol differ from college to college in the United States. Many schools require all first-year students to take an alcohol prevention and education program, often given online. Some have a “zero tolerance” policy where alcohol is banned from all buildings. Parents are informed of violations and students may be suspended(停学).

At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, permission is needed to serve alcohol at any event on campus. But alcohol is banned in first-year dorms---where most students are under twenty-one anyway.

Susan Davis, a university lawyer, says campus police and local police report underage drinking violations(违反)to the committee that decides punishments on a case by case basis. For example, the committee might suspend or expel(开除)a student. It might require an alcohol education program. Or it might just give a warning.

Jon Zug is a lawyer in Albemarle County, where the university is located. He says international students would face the same punishment as American citizens for underage drinking in Virginia. That includes a punishment of five hundred dollars or fifty hours of community service. But first law-breakers might be given a chance to complete an alcohol education program instead.

Schools have to report unlawful violations by international students to the Department of Homeland Security. International adviser Richard Tanson at the University of Virginia says even minor violations stay on a student’s permanent immigration record. He says international students should know that this can affect them in the future if they try to re-enter the United States.

1. What does the underlined phrase “by case basis” mean?

A. Depending on the seriousness of the case itself.

B. According to the report of the campus and local police.

C. Depending on the judgment of the committee.

D. According to the former cases in store.

2. To international students, which of the following may be intolerable once they have drinking violations?

A. A punishment of $500 or 50 hours of community service.

B. Being given a warning of being suspended or expelled.

C. Having the violations kept on their permanent immigration record.

D. Receiving an alcohol education program.

3. The passage probably appears in_________.

A. an advertisement B. a local newspaper

C. a university guide book D. a popular magazine

4. The passage mainly talks about_________.

A. alcohol problems on the U.S. campus

B. alcohol policy on U.S. campus

C. U.S. universities---zero tolerance to alcohol

D. the punishment to the university alcohol drinkers

The government is also undertaking important educational work based on the _______ of the members that the best form of conservation is the prevention of damage.

A. consensus B sense C. scene D. consequence

Secondhand smoke isn’t just a health threat to people.It can also hurt dogs and cats，veterinarians say.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，more than 126 million Americans who don't smoke are exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes，vehicles，workplaces，and public places.This exposure causes thousands of lung cancer and heart disease deaths among nonsmokers every year，according to the California Environmental Protection Agency.
“Making the leap from the effects of secondhand smoke on humans to their effects on pets isn't a big one,” says veterinarian （兽医专家） Carolynn MacAllister of Oklahoma State University.
“There have been a number of scientific papers recently that have reported the significant health threat secondhand smoke poses to pets,” MacAllister said.“Secondhand smoke has been associated with oral cancer and lymphoma in cats，lung and nasal cancer in dogs，as well as lung cancer in birds.”
Studies have also shown that dogs living in a smoking household are susceptible to cancers of the nose and sinus area，particularly if they are a long-nosed breed，because their noses have a greater surface area that is exposed to carcinogens and a greater area for them to accumulate.Dogs affected with nasal cancer normally don't survive for more than one year.
“Short and medium-nosed dogs are more susceptible to lung cancer，because their shorter nasal passage aren't as effective at accumulating the inhaled secondhand smoke carcinogens,” MacAllister said.“This results in more carcinogens （致癌物质） reaching the lungs.”
Birds are also at risk for lung cancer，as well as pneumonia，because their respiratory systems are hypersensitive to any type of air pollutant.
To help prevent animals from being adversely affected by smoking，pet owners who smoke should have a designated smoking area that is separated from the home or stop smoking altogether，MacAllister said.

1.
From the passage，we can see secondhand smoke maybe not harmful to _______.
1. A.
  smokers
2. B.
  non-smokers
3. C.
  pets
4. D.
  trees
2.
What can be suggested according to the passage?
1. A.
  Smokers can smoke anywhere.
2. B.
  Smokers can smoke at any time.
3. C.
  Smokers should smoke in the designated place.
4. D.
  Smokers must give up smoking at once.
3.
What kind of dogs are likely to suffer from nasal cancer?
1. A.
  Long-nosed dogs
2. B.
  Short-nosed dogs
3. C.
  Medium-nosed dogs
4. D.
  Dogs without noses
4.
The best title of the passage is __________.
1. A.
  Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in People
2. B.
  Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Birds
3. C.
  Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets
4. D.
  Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Cats
5.
What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “are susceptible to”?
1. A.
  are likely to be harmed by
2. B.
  are hard to be influenced by
3. C.
  are less to be effected by
4. D.
  are lucky to be caught by

From the passage，we can see secondhand smoke maybe not harmful to _______.

What can be suggested according to the passage?

What kind of dogs are likely to suffer from nasal cancer?

The best title of the passage is __________.

What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “are susceptible to”?

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