题目内容

Thinking is something you choose to do as a fish chooses to live in water. To be human is to think. But thinking may come naturally without your knowing how you do it. Thinking about thinking is the key to critical（批判性的）thinking. When you think critically, you take control of your thinking processes（过程）. Otherwise, you might be controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of education.
The word "critical" here has a special meaning. It does not mean taking one view against another view, as when someone criticizes another person for doing something wrong. The nature of critical thinking is thinking beyond the easily seen—beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty reasoning (错误的推理).
Critical thinking is an attitude as much as an activity. If you are curious about life and desire to dig deeper into it, you are a critical thinker; if you find pleasure in deep thinking about different ideas, characters, and facts, you are a critical thinker.
Activities of the mind and higher-order reasoning are processes of deep and careful consideration. They take time, and do not go hand in hand with the fast speed in today's world, fast foods, instant coffee, and self-developing film. If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence, you may learn something new from a story about Albert Einstein. The first time Banish Hoffman, a scientist, was to discuss his work with Albert Einstein, Hoffman was too nervous to speak. But Einstein immediately put Hoffman at ease by saying, "Please go slowly, I don't understand things quickly."
小题1:Critical thinking is important to us because if we do not think critically,__________.
A．it will be hard for us to think naturally and fast
B．we will follow the ideas of others naturally
C．we might be controlled by other people's ideas
D．we might be fooled by other people's ideas
小题2:If you are a critical thinker, you will________.
A．criticize other people for their mistakesB．trust the reports in the newspapers
C．take one view against another viewD．think deeply about different ideas
小题3:In the last paragraph, "something new" suggests that________.
A．the smarter you are, the faster you do things
B．intelligence is not decided by speed
C．speed can improve intelligence
D．the faster you do things, the smarter you become
小题4:What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Understanding Critical ThinkingB．Thinking and Critical Thinking
C．Thinking Natural and HumanD．Thinking Fast Means Intelligence

小题1:C
小题2:D
小题3:B
小题4:A

试题分析：文章介绍批判性思维的概念，我们要学会批判性思考否则就会被别人控制。判断性思维会让你考虑不同的问题更深刻。
小题1:细节题：从第一段的： Otherwise, you might be controlled by the ideas of others.说明我们没有批判性的思考就会被别人控制。选C
小题2:推理题：从第二段的句子：The nature of critical thinking is thinking beyond the easily seen-beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty reasoning.说明判断性思维会让你考虑不同的问题更深刻。选D。
小题3:猜测词义题,从最后一段的句子：If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence（智力）, you may learn something new from a story about Albert Einstein.说明智力不是速度决定的。选B。
小题4:主旨题：从第一段的句子：Thinking about thinking is the key to critical（批判性的）thinking.和全篇文章可知这篇文章是对批判性思维的理解。选A
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Sub-Saharan Africa has the world’s highest hunger rate. But according to a new report, African farmers also have ideas that could help the world fight hunger and poverty. Danielle Nierenberg from the Worldwatch Institute in Washington spent a year visiting twenty-five countries south of the Sahara. In Nairobi, Kenya, for example, Ms Nierenberg found women farmers growing vegetables just outside their doorsteps in the Kibera settlement. She says they are finding ways to make their lives better. The women feed their families and sell their surplus. They use the money to send their children to school.
Last year, about 925,000,000 people worldwide did not get enough to eat. Half of all people in the world now live in and around cities. Researchers like Ms Nierenberg are looking increasingly at creative ideas to feed those who don’t have enough good food to eat. She says there are a lot of lessons that people in the Western world can learn from Africa. And what they are doing can certainly be done in other developing countries.
Farmers in the developing world lose between twenty and forty percent of their harvest before it ever reaches market. There are many reasons why food gets wasted. Farmers are without electricity and cold storage. They lack good seeds and fertilizer. They lack good roads. Conditions like these keep small farmers in poverty. Ms Nierenberg says more attention needs to be paid to protecting harvests. She says, “Given all that we invest in producing food in the first place, we need to devote the same amount of attention to making sure that it is not wasted.”
In Nigeria, village processing centers are helping farmers reduce their losses and earn more money. They centers process cassava, a root vegetable, into basic food products. In Uganda, the Worldwatch report says some schools are teaching children how to grow local kinds of crops. And in South Africa and Kenya the report praises the breeding(培育) of local kinds of livestock. These animals may produce less milk or meat than other breeds, but they can survive heat and drought conditions.
小题1:We could learn from the new report in Para.1 that         .
A．sub-Saharan Africa has the world’s highest hunger rate
B．African farmers have ideas to help fighting hunger and poverty
C．women farmers grow vegetables in the Kibera settlement
D．women farmers grow vegetables to send their children to school.
小题2:The underlined word “surplus” in Para.1 is closest in meaning to         .
A．private vegetablesB．side products
C．leftover vegetablesD．home-made products
小题3:Ms Nierenberg suggests that         .
A．the women spend more money on education instead of farming
B．more and more African people should live in and around cities
C．researchers find creative ideas to feed the people suffering hunger
D．people in the Western world do the same as the Africans have done
小题4:Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A．Farmers in developing world often lose some of their harvest
B．Small farmers in developing countries often suffer poverty.
C．Farmers should pay more attention to protecting their harvest
D．Attention should be paid to saving food instead of producing food
小题5:The best title of this passage should be         .
A．A New Report About African Farmers Fighting Hunger
B．Creative Ideas to Feed Those Who Have No Enough Food
C．Looking to Africa for Ideas About How to Fight Hunger
D．Animals That Can Survive Heat and Drought Conditions
Travel can be a lifesaver. But in today’s economy (经济) with airlines adding new fees almost daily and ticket prices sharply on the rise, many have written off travel as too expensive. However, with a few saving tricks and a little research, there are still lots of great deals to be had on airline tickets and more.
Early Bird Gets the Deal.
Travel experts say that there are certain times of day when more deals are available. Airfares can change three times a day as airlines adjust their prices to fill up flights. Early morning is when the fares tend to be lowest.
What Wouldn’t a Business Traveler do?
Flying when business travelers don’t can save you big money. Most business travelers fly on Mondays and Fridays, so Tuesday and Wednesday are the best days. Airlines will usually lower their prices on these days to aggressively try and fill empty seats.
 
                                
Fly to popular places at unpopular times. The slowest time of the year for travel is in the Fall between Labor Day and Thanksgiving. Again, to try and fill more empty seats, the airlines will lower prices and offer better deals to get people to fly during this time of the year.
Package Deals
Many times the best deals on airfare can be found as part of a package rate. Most travel sites have package rates available. Often, the entire package (hotel, airfare, rental car) is cheaper than just the plane ticket on another site. Even if you don’t need the rental car, with the money you’ve saved on the flight, you can afford to take a taxi. These deals are especially good on last minute bookings.
With a little inside knowledge and some good timing, you can get yourself a steal on a ticket to the vacation you thought was out of reach.
小题1:Which would be the best title for the text?
A．Tips on Vocation Travelling
B．Advice for Business Travelers
C．The Effect of Economy on Airlines
D．Tricks of Finding the Cheapest Flights
小题2:Many people have to cancel their travel plan because they _____.
A．have no saving tricksB．consider economic reasons
C．seldom do researchD．can’t have great deals
小题3:Which of the following can be filled in the blank in the text?
A．Fly to popular places.
B．Don’t Miss the Holydays.
C．Better Avoid the Crowds.
D．Lose No Chance for Travelling.
小题4:What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Saving tricks can make the seemingly impossible vacation possible.
B．Inside knowledge and good timing help you to steal tickets from airlines.
C．Vacation will be out of reach without inside knowledge and good timing.
D．Who thinks the vacation is out of reach never grasps the tricks of saving.
In some countries, people eat rice every day._ they eat it two or three times a day, for breakfast, lunch and supper. They can _____ it, fry（煎）it or ______ it into rice noodles. They usually eat it ______ meat, fish and vegetables.
Some people do not eat some kind of______. Muslins, for example, do not eat pork, and Hindus do not eat beef. The Japanese eat a lot of fish. Japan is an island and its ____ go all over the  Pacific(太平洋) looking for fish to ______．The Japanese sometimes eat uncooked fish，and they also eat a lot of rice．
In______ such as Britain, Australia and the United States, the most important food is ______ or potatoes. People there usually make their bread from wheat flour(面粉). They  ______ potatoes in different ways． They can boil them，fry them and roast（烤）them．
In Africa，maize（玉米）is the most important food．______ rice and wheat，maize is a kind of cereal（谷物）． African people make the maize ______flour． From this flour they make ______ kinds of bread and cakes． Many Africans are very ______ and they can’t afford to eat much ______ with their cereal． Cereals are a very important kind of food ______ we also need plenty of vegetables and lots of fresh ______．
Some people eat ______fruit and vegetables． They do not eat meat or fish or ______ that comes from animals． They eat only food from ______． Some people say that food from plants is better for us than meat．
小题1:
A．SometimesB．SometimeC．Some timeD．Some times
小题2:
A．drinkB．eatC．haveD．boil
小题3:
A．makeB．turnC．changeD．eat
小题4:
A．asB．likeC．withD．together
小题5:
A．applesB．fishC．meatD．vegetables
小题6:
A．trainsB．planesC．fishing boatsD．life boats
小题7:
A．buyB．weighC．holdD．catch
小题8:
A．the worldB．countriesC．the eastD．developing countries
小题9:
A．breadB．cakeC．flourD．vegetables
小题10:
A．cookB．eatC．makeD．take
小题11:
A．LikeB．AsC．BeingD．With
小题12:
A．ofB．fromC．intoD．up to
小题13:
A．the sameB．differentC．everyD．each
小题14:
A．richB．poorC．strongD．weak
小题15:
A．meatB．maizeC．flourD．bread
小题16:
A．soB．asC．becauseD．but
小题17:
A．riceB．cakesC．fruitD．potatoes
小题18:
A．not onlyB．onlyC．besidesD．except
小题19:
A．somethingB．anythingC．porkD．beef
小题20:
A．plantsB．applesC．pigsD．fish
Yawning sends out certain messages -either “Oh，this movie is so boring” or “I probably need to get some sleep”. But did you know that a yawn can also help your brain to cool down when it is overheated?
A new study, led by a research team at Princeton University, has indicated that yawning could be the brain’s natural way of regulating temperature. People yawn more often when the temperature outdoors is lower than their body temperature but are less likely to yawn when it is hotter outdoors, according to Sciencedaily. com.
The research team did an experiment on 160 people, 80 in summer and 80 in winter, to examine how often they yawned at different air temperatures. The study found that people yawned more often in winter than in summer. Scientists say that when the air temperature is lower outside the body, there is heat exchange between the overheated brain and the cool air. But when the air temperature is higher than or equal to the body, people are less likely to yawn because the hot air they breathe in will make the brain even hotter.
When people yawn, their jaw is also stretched，which increases blood flow and may also help cool the brain
The study showed that the amount someone yawned could be related to the amount of time they spent outside. The longer they spent outside in summer, the less they yawned. Nearly 40 percent of participants yawned within their first five minutes outside, but after that the percentage was reduced to less than 10 percent.
However, the result was the opposite in winter. The number of people who yawned increased when they spent more than five minutes outdoors. But the change was only slight compared to summertime.
According to Gallup, this is the first report to show that yawning frequencies change depending on season. This could help us to understand better the way our brains work. It may also help us understand the reason why frequent yawning can sometimes be a sign of brain disease.
小题1:The purpose of the experiment is ______.
A．to find the frequency of people’s yawning
B．to indicate brain can regulate temperature naturally
C．to prove people yawn in winter and in summer equally
D．to show the real reason why people yawn
小题2:The information we get from Paragraphs 5 and 6 is that ______.
A．longer outdoor summertime results in more yawns
B．yawning frequency increases with outdoor time
C．yawning frequency changes with outdoor time
D．longer outdoor wintertime leads to fewer yawns
小题3:Acorrding to the text，people yawn more often ______.
A．when the air temperature is equal to the body
B．when the hot air breathed in makes the brain hotter
C．when the air temperature is higher than the body
D．when the air temperature is lower outside the body
小题4:What could be the best title for the text?
A．Yawning Is A Sign of Brain Disease
B．Yawning Cools Your Brain
C．Yawning Benefits Your Body
D．Yawning Carries Some Information
My grandparents were married for over half a century, and played their own special game the time they had met each other. The goal of their game was to write the word “shmily” in a surprise place for the other to find. They took turns leaving “shmily” around the house, and as soon as one of them discovered it, it was their turn to hide it once more. They dragged “shmily” with their fingers through the sugar and flour containers to await whoever was preparing the next meal. “Shmily” was written in the steam left on the mirror after a hot shower, where it would reappear bath after bath. There was no end to the places where “shmily” would pop up. Little notes with “shmily” were found on car seats, or taped to steering wheels. The notes were put inside shoes and left under pillows. “Shmily” was written in the dust upon the mantel（壁炉架）and traced in the ashes of the fireplace. This mysterious word was as much a part of my grandparents’ house as the furniture.
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate my grandparents’ game. Skepticism has kept me from believing in true love --- one that is pure and enduring (持久的). However, I never doubted my grandparents’ relationship. It was based on passionate（热情的）affection which not everyone is lucky enough to experience.
But there was a dark cloud in my grandparents’ life: my grandmother had breast cancer. The disease had first appeared ten years earlier. As always, Grandpa was with her every step of the way. He comforted her in their yellow room, painted that way so that she could always be surrounded by sunshine, even when she was too sick to go outside. But my grandmother grew steadily weaker until, finally, she could not leave the house anymore. Then one day, what we all dreaded finally happened. Grandma was gone.
“Shmily.” It was written in yellow on the pink ribbons of my grandmother’s funeral bouquet (花束). As the crowd thinned and the last mourners turned to leave, Grandpa stepped up to my grandmother’s coffin and, taking a shaky breath, he began to sing to her. Through his tears and grief, the song came: S-h-m-i-l-y: See How Much I Love You.
小题1:According to the passage, where may the word “shmily” be found?
a.in the flour containers
b.on the mirror
c.on the sheet of toilet paper
d.on pillows
e.on the furniture
A．a, bB．b, cC．a, dD．b, e
小题2:The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
A．what the word “shmily” means
B．how the author’s grandparents played their special game
C．how the author appreciated her grandparents’ game
D．how the author’s grandparents cared for each other
小题3:The underlined phrase “pop up” in Paragraph 1 means ________.
A．appearB．changeC．surviveD．work
小题4:According to the passage, the author _________.
A．thought the game was meaningless
B．believes everyone can experience true love
C．doubted the existence of true love at first
D．sometimes left “shmily” around the house
小题5:Grandpa tried to make Grandma comfortable by _______.
A．singing songs to her every day
B．painting the room yellow
C．encouraging her to go outside
D．helping her take a hot shower every day
Dear Michelle,
Why can't my daughter manage her life better? She is 17 and an honor student, but she seems to be wasting her life away with a boyfriend who is holding her back.
He consumes every waking minute of her precious time and smooth-talks her as well.
His goal is to get her to agree to go to the college of his choice, not her choice, and because his grades are lower, his choice will be limited.
I feel like I want to rescue her, but she pushes me away and shuts me out. She has only brought us pride and joy; and now this! Help!
A worried mother
Dear Mother of a 17-year-old Girl,
Hmmmmm. What's the matter with kids today? Remember that song from "Bye Bye Birdie"?
Well if you do not, let me fill you in about teenagers and their life-management skills. Do not expect too much too soon because at the ripe age of 17, life-management is not within their reach, nor should it be.
Life experience creates both the conditions and the skills for management, and if management went before experience, there would be little of it.
Your daughter is an honor student for good reasons. She is smart, studies with intelligence and you have given her good values.
When the time comes for her to apply for college, and she visits the ones that are specifically designed for students at the top of their grade, she will most likely break away from her boyfriend's influence.
It is rare for an honor student to change the path of their academic career for puppy love. That being said, there might be some adolescent wisdom in her behavior after all.
Perhaps she is choosing to worry you, her parents, for unconscious reasons. Being such a good girl and being a steady source of joy might have become a bit too much for her.
Let your daughter have her own private moment of 11th grade rebellion. She deserves a break from perfection.
Michelle
小题1:From the mother's letter we can learn that her daughter              .
A．is being fooled by the boy
B．has fallen behind in her studies
C．doesn't talk much with her mother
D．has chosen which college to attend
小题2:According to Michelle, 17-year-old teenagers              .
A．are too young to manage their life
B．are old enough to live their own life
C．should have management before experience
D．have reached the age of an adult
小题3:The underlined word "puppy-love" refer to          .
A．false loveB．foolish love
C．pure loveD．adolescent love
小题4:Michelle seems to believe that the daughter will finally          .
A．come up with the right decision
B．follow her boyfriend's advice
C．worry her parents for unconscious reasons
D．influence her boyfriend's behavior
小题5:The best title for the passage would be           .
A．College of kids' own choice
B．How can I help my girl?
C．How to manage teenagers' life?
D．A 17-year-old girl and her mother
Although there are no state controlled survival courses in Britain or the United States, there are various independent organizations offering similar activities.
Students can participate ( take part ) in outdoor training courses through university clubs and societies . Anyone can register ( 登记 ) with such groups , which then organize courses ,training and trips for all members .
One of the most popular outdoor training programmes in both the US and Britain , is Outward Bound ( 户外训练 ) . It was founded in 1941 in Wales and attracts hundreds of thousands of adventurous types every year .
The courses are to broaden minds through experiences that build confidence , self-esteem ( 自尊 ) and character . As well as specialist courses such as canoeing , leadership skills and sailing , participants can take part in week long adventure training camps which include a host of sports and survival training education skills .
Michael Williams , an American student , took part in an Outward Bound course last year . He said : “We learned lots of first aid skills , lots of natural history , lots of environmental facts , and participated in a wildlife preservation ( protecting ) programme . Beyond that , my favorite skills learned were sailing and rock climbing .”
Courses can last up to 40 days and are open to anyone over the age of 14 . Students must be in general good health , but do not need to be experienced in outdoor-sports . There is no selection process ; everyone is welcome , although new participants are advised to pick a course matching their physical power .
Most of the British courses take place in the Beacons in Wales . Another similar organization is the UK Survival School , which includes courses on learning to live with the environment , sailing and winter survival . On a basic survival weekend students will learn how to get water and food , how to make fire and cook with it , to find and build a shelter , control survival life support , how to cross rivers , send off an SOS signal , and to use compasses by day and night .
According to the leaders , such adventures are “an awakening , an exploration into unknown.” Outward Bound believes that participants will “use mind and body traveling some of the earth’s roughest wildness areas .”
小题1:The advantage of the training courses is that _________________ .
A．participants can make friends with others
B．participants can visit some places of interest
C．participants can experience different adventures
D．participants can learn how wonderful nature is
小题2: In the Outward Bound course last year , the most exciting experience Michael Williams had was _____________________.
A．learning first aid skillsB．collecting facts of environment
C．preserving wildlifeD．rock climbing and sailing
小题3:What’s the writer’s purpose to write this passage ?
A．To introduce the training course to readers
B．To persuade readers to take part in the training courses.
C．To tell readers the danger of this training course
D．To introduce the wonders of the world to readers
Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to do the work, that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy. Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doing is listening selectively. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t want to hear.
It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的) In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy(心理疗法), before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, but chief among them, I believe, was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to, often for the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for the first time ever.
小题1:The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.
A．preparing a topic list firstB．focusing on one’s own mind
C．directing the talk to the desired resultsD．experiencing the speaker’s inside world
小题2:What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?
A．How to listen well.B．What to listen to.
C．Benefits of listening.D．Problems in listening
小题3:According to the author, in communication people tend to ________.
A．listen activelyB．listen purposefully
C．set aside their prejudicesD．open up their inner mind
小题4:According to the author, the patients improved mainly because _______.
A．they were taken good care of.B．they knew they were truly listened to.
C．they had partners to talk to.D．they knew the roots of problems.
小题5:What type of writing the article likely to be?
A．Science fictionB．A news report.C．A medical report.D．Popular science

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