题目内容

She’s not afraid of anything. Snakes? No problem. Walking alone in the dark? Easy. We’re not talking about a superhero here -- SM is a 44-year-old mother.  And she’s fearless because she happens to be missing part of her brain: the amygdala(扁桃腺).
Shaped like a pair of almonds sitting in the middle of your brain, the amygdala helps control fear and anxiety. A rare condition called Urbach-Wiethe disease left SM without her amygdala, and seems to have completely erased her sense of fear.
To try to understand how the amygdala works, a team of researchers made their efforts to scare SM. They showed her horror movies and took her to the Waverly Hills Sanatorium Haunted House in Kentucky. She pushed out one of the monsters(巨物) and laughed. SM said she didn’t like snakes, but at a pet store full of poisonous creatures, she kept asking to touch them. When asked to rate her feelings, SM reported feeling surprised or disgusted, but never fearful.
“She tends to approach everything she should be avoiding,” says Justin Feinstein of the  University of Iowa. This means the amygdala could control deeper urges to approach or avoid danger. Other scientists have a different opinion, though.  “I don’t believe you can make a general statement about what the amygdala does by a single case study,” Elizabeth Phelps said. In 2002, Phelps published a study on a similar patient with amygdala damage who still showed fear.
It may sound like fun to be totally fearless, but we get scared for a good reason. “The nature of fear is survival and the amygdala helps us stay alive by avoiding situations, people, or objects that put our life in danger,” Feinstein said. SM was once followed in a park after dark by a man with a knife, and she simply walked away. “It is quite remarkable that she is still alive,” said Feinstein.
小题1:SM dares to walk alone in the dark mainly because ____________.
A．she is a superhero
B．she has experienced such conditions a lot
C．she is a mental patient
D．she has no sense of fear
小题2:Researchers tried their best to frighten SM in order to find ___________.
A．The function of a particular organ
B．SM’s reaction of fear and anxiety
C．The process of removing amygdale
D．A special way to get along with monsters
小题3:What do we know from the research on SM?
A．It was easy for her to avoid danger.
B．SM never felt fearful but disgusted.
C．SM was frightened by nothing except monsters.
D．SM got along well with the snakes.
小题4:What is Elizabeth Phelps’ attitude toward the function of the amygdala based on the research on SM?
A．IndifferentB．SupportiveC．DisapprovingD．Interested
小题5:What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．People can remove their amygdala to be fearless.
B．SM will be admired because of her bravery.
C．No one can survive if their amygdala is removed.
D．The sense of fear is crucial to humans.

小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:C
小题5:D

试题分析：本文叙述了对于没有扁桃腺的人SM的一次实验，研究人员的目的就是看一下扁桃腺的功能，他们让SM看恐怖电影看恐怖的动物，但是她都想动手去摸，没有感到害怕和恐惧，只是感到惊奇和有点厌恶，因此，研究人员就确定扁桃腺是来控制人的害怕的感官，它在人的身体中是很重要的。当然对此还有的人提出了不同的观点。
小题1:细节理解题。根据she’s fearless because she happens to be missing part of her brain: the amygdala(扁桃腺).因为她没有了控制人们害怕的扁桃腺，所以她没有感到害怕，故选D。
小题2:细节理解题。根据To try to understand how the amygdala works, a team of researchers made their efforts to scare SM.研究人员为了找到特殊的器官的功能，故选A。
小题3:细节理解题。根据SM reported feeling surprised or disgusted, but never fearful.她从来没有感到害怕只是感到厌恶和吃惊，故选B。
小题4:细节理解题。A.Indifferent中立的； B. Supportive支持的； C. Disapproving不赞成的； D. Interested感兴趣的。根据“I don’t believe you can make a general statement about what the amygdala does by a single case study,” Elizabeth Phelps said.他不赞成这个观点，他认为这是一个特例，故选C。
小题5:推理判断题。根据It is quite remarkable that she is still alive,可以推出不害怕也不行，害怕的感觉对人也是很重要的，故选D。
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Imagine you are doing this reading in this text on the computer; what else are you doing? Maybe you’re eating a sandwich or drinking a cup of Starbucks. Should you eat while reading?
There aren’t many believable numbers, but we do know the number of people who eat while sitting in front of some type of screen is growing. A recent study found that 33 percent of families always have the TV on during meal times and another 27 percent people have it on at least half the time. Another 10 percent may be texting, emailing or talking on a cell phone while eating.
Any type of these behaviors is bad, considering the following evidence:
A Canadian study found that children who watch more than three hours of cartoons a day are 50 percent more likely to be fat than children who watch fewer than two hours. The researchers concluded that more than 60 percent of overweight incidents can be connected with screen watching too much.
A three-week study found that adults who usually play with smartphones less burned 119 more calories per day.
One Chicago researcher found that people eat more potato chips while reading online than when they have the laptop turned off.
There has been very little investigation(调查) into eating with your eyes staring at a screen or reading a book, but it is likely that his mindless eating is related to weight gain. Simply speaking, your brain has no idea what is going on with your mouth because it is occupied by other things. You don’t notice how full your stomach is, and you often don’t even notice the taste or the act of chewing and swallowing, as a result of which, developing an adapted dietary habit is a must.
小题1:The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with ________.
A．stories and explanationsB．examples and investigations
C．an argument and evidenceD．facts and descriptions
小题2:Which of the following statement is true?
A．Being focused while eating is a good way to have a good figure.
B．Adults’ weight is not affected by their eating habits.
C．There exist many investigations into eating while reading.
D．This text must be found on a website.
小题3:What can be the best title of this passage? 
A．How Should You Lose Weight?
B．Should You Do Other Things While Eating?
C．Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Habits
D．TV and Eating
小题4:What will the author probably continue to write?
A．Express healthy eating ways.
B．Give more useful investigations into eating.
C．Describe the study about the old who watch less TV while eating.
D．Tell the proper ways to watch TV.
Feel tired lately? Has a doctor said he can’t find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital, but all the advanced equipment there shows that there is nothing wrong with you.
　　Then , consider this: you might be in a state of sub - health （亚健康）.
　　Sub - health, also called the third state or gray state, is explained as a borderline state between health and disease.
　　According to the survey by the National Health Organization, Over 45 percent of sub - healthy people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam week.
　　Symptoms （征兆）include a shortage of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia （失眠）and poor memory , Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs.
　　The key to preventing and recovering from sub - health, according to some medical experts, is to form good living habits, ale mate work and rest, exercise regularly, and take part in open air activities.
　　As for meals, people are advised to eat less salt and sugar . They should also eat more fresh vegetables, fruits, fish because they are rich in nutritional elements - vitamins and trace elements - that are important to the body.
　　Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract （消化道）. They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding sub - health.
小题1:When you are in a state of sub - health, you should________.
A．stay home and keep silent
B．go to a doctor and buy some medicine
C．not consider it very serious
D．find out the reasons and relax yourself
小题2:Middle - aged people may be easy to get sub - healthy because________.
A．they have used up their energy
B．they have lost their living hopes
C．they have more pressure in life and work.
D．they have changed their way of life
小题3:The key to preventing you from falling into a state of sub health is to________.
A．keep on working regularlyB．go to sleep a bit earlier
C．form good living habitsD．take medicine if necessary
小题4:As for food, experts suggested that________.
A．we should never eat meat
B．we should have variety of food
C．we should eat less than usual
D．we should have meals without sugar
小题5:The underlined word “alternate” in this passage is closest in meaning to________
A．arrange by turnsB．cause to take place
C．make up forD．keep away from
WASHINGTON－School lunches have been called many things, but a group of retired military officers is giving them a new label: national security threat.
That's not a reference to the mystery meat served up in the cafeteria line either. The retired officers are saying that school lunches have helped make the nation's young people so fat that fewer of them can meet the military's physical fitness standards, and recruitment will be difficult.
A new report being released Tuesday says more than 9 million young adults, or 27 percent of all Americans ages 17 to 24, are too overweight to join the military. Now, the officers are advocating for passage of a wide­ranging nutrition bill that aims to make the nation's school lunches healthier.
The military group acknowledges that other things keep young adults out of the armed services, such as a criminal record or the lack of a high school diploma. But weight problems that have worsened over the past 15 years are now the leading medical reason that recruits are rejected.
Although all branches of the military now meet or exceed recruitment goals, retired Navy Rear Adm. James Barnett Jr., a member of the officers group, says the obesity trend could affect that.
“When over a quarter of young adults are too fat to fight, we need to take notice，” Barnett said. He noted that national security in the year 2030 is “absolutely dependent” on reversing child obesity rates.
This isn't the first time the military has gotten involved in the debate over school lunches. During World War Ⅱ， military leaders had the opposite problem, reporting that many recruits were rejected because of stunted growth and inadequate nutrition. After the war, military leaders pushed Congress to establish the national school lunch program so children would grow up healthier.
Today, the group is urging Congress to eliminate junk food and high­calorie beverages from schools, put more money into the school lunch program and develop new strategies that help children develop healthier habits.
小题1:What is the main problem of the lunches in schools according to the military officers?
A．The meat in the lunches is mysterious.
B．The lunches are too expensive.
C．The lunches contain too much fat.
D．There is inadequate nutrition in the lunches.
小题2:The underlined word “obesity” in Paragraph 5 means ________.
A．slow in mind B．state of being fat
C．quick in movementD．lack of confidence
小题3:Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．The lunches in American schools are not very healthy.
B．During World War Ⅱ，many people could not join the army because of overweight.
C．According to the author , overweight was the key reason why many recruits were rejected.
D．By now, Congress hasn't eliminated junk food and high­calorie beverages from schools.
小题4:Which of the following is the best title for the article?
A．School lunches: a national security threat?
B．National security in danger ?
C．Retired officers tired of school lunches
D．The recruitment of 2030
Cutting global warming pollution would not only make the planet healthier, it would make people healthier too, new research suggested.
Cutting carbon dioxide emissions could save millions of lives, mostly by reducing preventable deaths from heart and lung diseases, according to studies released Wednesday and published in a special issue of The Lancet, a British medical journal.
　　"Relying on fossil fuels leads to unhealthy lifestyles, increasing our chances of getting sick and in some cases takes years from our lives," US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said in a telecast briefing from her home state of Kansas. "As greenhouse gas emissions go down, so do deaths from cardiovascular（心血管） and respiratory（呼吸道） diseases. This is not a small effect."
　　Instead of looking at the health ills caused by future global warming, as past studies have done, this research looks at the immediate benefits of doing something about the problem, said Linda Birnbaum, director of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
　　Some possible benefits seemed highly speculative, the researchers conceded, based on people driving less and walking and cycling more. Other proposals studied were more concrete and achievable, such as reducing cook stoves that burn dung（粪便）, charcoal and other polluting fuels in the developing world.
　　And cutting carbon dioxide emissions also makes the air cleaner, reducing lung damage for millions of people, doctors said.
　　"Here are ways you can attack major health problems at the same time as dealing with climate change," said lead author Dr. Paul Wilkinson, an environmental epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
　　Wilkinson said the individual studies came up with numbers of premature deaths prevented or extra years of life added for certain places.
　　For example, switching to low-polluting cars in London and Delhi, India, would save 160 lost years of life in London and nearly 1,700 in Delhi for every million residents, one study found. But if people also drove less and walked or biked more, those extra saved years would soar to more than 7,300 years in London and 12,500 years in Delhi because of less heart disease.
小题1:What does the passage mainly talk about? _______.
A．How can people live longer?
B．Cutting carbon dioxide emissions saves lives.
C．Global warming threatens people’s lives.
D．People should stop relying on fossil fuels.
小题2:The new research differs from past studies in that _______.
A．it focuses on the immediate benefits of cutting carbon dioxide emissions
B．it studies the bad effects arising from future global warming
C．it is believed by more people
D．it mainly targets at developing countries
小题3:According to Kathleen Sebelius, _______.
A．sometimes it takes years to see the bad effects caused by consuming fossil fuels
B．without greenhouse gas emissions, people would not die of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
C．the main reason why people get sick is that they rely on fossil fuels
D．deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are closely related to greenhouse gas emissions
小题4: Which of the following is the most practical way to cut carbon dioxide emissions according to the passage? _________.
A．Driving less
B．Walking and cycling as much as possible.
C．Stopping using fossil fuels
D．Reducing the use of polluting fuels to cook.
小题5:It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
A．London and Delhi have already benefited from reducing greenhouse gas emissions
B．switching to low-polluting cars would save 160 lives in London each year
C．walking and biking instead of driving will reduce the chance of heart disease
D．attacking health problems and dealing with climate change are contradictory
Keeping a busy social life among lots of friends may keep people thinner than spending hours doing some exercises, according to scientists. They say that socializing and meeting with friends help increase levels of brown fat in the body which burns calories to produce heat.
Living in an exciting social environment was found to reduce fat in mice's belly by half over four weeks, even if they ate more. US researchers say that social excitement aids weight loss by turning white fat into brown. White fat stores calories and makes us fatter, while brown burns energy to produce heat. Turning white fat into brown is extremely difficult, normally requiring long- term stay in cold conditions or exciting part of the body's nervous system.
However, scientists from Ohio State University now think that having a busy social life is an even more effective way of changing white fat into brown. The team came up with their theory by studying the effects of various living environments on mice. Those, who lived alongside a greater number of mice, had more space and toys to excite themselves and then lost far more weight over the course of the study than their “couch potato" fellows.
Study author, Dr Matthew During, whose team's findings appear in the journal Cell Metabolism, said, "I'm still amazed at the degree of fat loss that occurs." Explaining how new technology had threatened face-to-face socializing, he added, "It's not just a sedentary(久坐的) lifestyle and high calorie foods, but an increasing lack of social activities." Co-author Dr Lei Cao said，"Loneliness is a potential factor for cancer and death; it's equal to cigarette smoking to a certain extent. Social activities are very vital.
小题1:What information can we get from the first two paragraphs?
A．Brown fat stores calories and makes us fatter
B．It doesn't take long to turn white fat into brown.
C．Social excitement helps gain more weight
D．Brown fat can burn energy to produce heat.
小题2:Which of the following statement does the text support?
A．Levels of brown fat can be increased by socializing.
B．The mice lacking social life lose more weight.
C．The research findings haven't been published so far.
D．Dr Matthew During wasn't convinced of the result.
小题3:We can conclude from the text that _______.
A．the fat in mice's belly was reduced because of the relaxing environment
B．a sedentary lifestyle and high calories foods influence people's social life
C．surfing the Internet may influence people's face-to-face communication
D．cancer and death are mainly caused for lack of social life
小题4:What’s the main idea of the text?
A．Brown fat is beneficial to people's health.
B．Socializing is unnecessarily important in people's daily life.
C．White fat can be changed into brown fat.
D．Socializing contributes to people's losing weight.
Having one of those days – or weeks – when everything seems to annoy you? Even if you do nothing about it, your bad mood will probably go away after some time. But with a little effort, you can forget it much faster – often within a day or two.
◇Walk it off
Exercise is the most popular bad-mood buster. A person who’s in a bad mood has low energy and high tension. Taking a fast ten-minute walk, or doing some quick exercises can do wonders towards changing that bad mood.
◇Tune it out
Listening to your favorite music for a while can also make tension go away quickly, because music starts associations with past positive experiences we’ve had.
◇Give yourself a pep talk
Stop and listen to what’s on your mind. Bad moods are often started by too many negative thoughts. Write them all down on paper, the pessimistic messages you’ve been giving yourself and then give optimistic answers. ( “I still don’t have a job.” Vs “I have two interviews next week.”)
◇Reduce your stress
Relaxation techniques are wonderful mood-lifters. These include deep breathing, stretching and visualizing, all of which sound complicated but aren’t. One easy way to visualize: close your eyes and picture a favorite place, such as the beach. Another simple way to be against distress is to make a to-do list. One reason for being in a bad mood is feeling you have no options. By taking control over certain areas, you realize you’re not helpless. You can make changes in your mood and life.
◇Avoid things that won’t improve your mood.
TV may not help much: You need to increase your energy level and stimulate（刺激） your mind – something that the TV show “Neighbors” won’t do. And before you reach for that piece of cake and coffee, think about how mood and food are linked. Sugar and caffeine contribute to depressed moods. A better choice? Research shows that carbohydrates, such as potatoes and pasta（面食）,produce a calming effect in people who have a desire for them.
小题1:Which of the following may help us stop a bad mood?
A．Doing nothing about it.B．Exercising and enjoying music.
C．Writing down negative thoughts.D．Talking about it with neighbors.
小题2:Why is it suggested that you close your eyes and picture the beach?
A．It helps remove bad mood.B．It brings us a new technique.
C．It is not complicated to do so.D．It is an area to be easily controlled.
小题3:TV may not improve your mood because it    .
A．shows what happens around youB．does not energize you
C．reminds you of eating and drinkingD．produces a calming effect
小题4:Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．Energy Level and StressB．How to Beat a Bad Mood
C．Bad Mood and Our LifeD．How to Control Your Feeling.
When it comes to eating smart for your heart, stop thinking about short-term solutions and simplify your life with a straightforward approach that will serve you well for years to come.
Smart eating goes beyond analyzing every bite of food you lift  36  your mouth. “In the past we used to believe that  37  amounts of individual nutrients were the 38 to good health,” Linda Van Horn, professor of the American Heart Association's Nutrition Committee. "But now we have a 39 understanding of healthy eating and the kinds of food necessary to  40  not only heart disease but disease  41  general," she adds.
Scientists now  42 on the broader picture of the balance of food eaten  43  several days or a week  44 than on the number of milligrams of this or that  45  at each meal.
Fruits, vegetables and whole grains, for example, provide nutrients and plant-based compounds 46 to good health. “The more we learn, the more  47  we are by the wealth of essential substances they  48 ," Van Horn continues, "and how they  49  with each other to keep us healthy."
You'll automatically be  50  the right heart-healthy track if vegetables, fruits and whole grains make 51  three quarters of the food on your dinner plate. 52  in the remaining one quarter with lean meat or chicken, fish or eggs.
The foods you choose to eat as well as those you choose to  53  clearly contribute to your well-being. Without a  54 , each of the small decisions you make in this can make a big 55  on your health in the years to come.
小题1: A between         B through           C inside                D to
小题2:A serious          B splendid          C specific          D separate
小题3:A key              B point             C lead              D center
小题4:A strict           B different         C typical               D natural
小题5:A rescue           B prevent              C forbid                D offend
小题6:A in               B upon              C for               D by
小题7:A turn             B put               C focus             D carry
小题8:A over         B along             C with              D beyond
小题9:A other            B better                C rather                D sooner
小题10:A conveyed        B consumed          C entered               D exhausted
小题11:A vital          B initial               C valid             D efficient
小题12:A disturbed       B depressed         C amazed               D amused
小题13:A preserve            B contain              C attain                D maintain
小题14:A interfere           B interact            C occupy            D rest
小题15:A at              B of                    C on                   D within
小题16:A out             B into              C off              D up
小题17:A Engage          B Fill              C Involve               D Pack
小题18:A delete          B escape                C avoid             D spoil
小题19:A notion          B hesitation            C reason                D doubt
小题20:A outcome     B function          C impact                D commitment
C
If you have to miss a meal a day, which meal will cause you fewest health problems if you don’t eat it? If you have to make a decision of this type, most people (especially very busy people) will choose to skip breakfast.
However, many experts in the field of health consider breakfast ( the meal which “break” you “fast” ) to be the most important  meal of the day. If we eat a good breakfast, they say, we will have the energy and nutrients (营养) we need to begin our working day with vigor(活力) and stay hopeful with good honor. However, many people skip breakfast or substitute a cup of coffee for a well balanced meal. What happens if we ignore the importance of breakfast?
One recent study conducted in the United States tested a large number of people. Participants(参加者) included both males and females who ranged in age from 12 to 83. The results showed that if a person eats an adequate(丰富的) breakfast, he or she will work more efficiently(效率高地) and more productively than if he or she skips breakfast or eats a very poor breakfast. This fact appears to be especially true if a person’s work involves mental(脑力的) activities. The study showed that if school-children eat fruit, eggs, bread and milk before going to school, they will learn more quickly and will be able to concentrate on their lessons for a longer period of time than if their breakfast is inadequate(不丰富).
The study also showed that contrary to what people believe, if you skip breakfast, you will not lose weight. This is because people become so hungry if they skip breakfast that they eat too much for lunch and end up gaining weight instead of losing. So remember, if you want to lose weight, skipping breakfast will not help you. You will likely lose more weight if you decrease your other meals.
小题1: According to experts, breakfast is the most important meal of the day because _____.
A．a good breakfast breaks you down fast
B．you’ll lose weight quickly if you skip breakfast
C．breakfast provides what a person needs to work
D．after a long night, you’ll feel very hungry
小题2:The underlined part “substitute a cup of coffee for a well balanced meal”(Para. 2) probably means _______.
A．to exchange a cup of coffee for a well balanced meal.
B．To drink a cup of coffee instead of a well balanced meal.
C．To change a cup of coffee into a well balanced meal.
D．To regard a cup of coffee as a well balanced meal.
小题3:The example of school-children in para.3 shows that _______.
A．school-children will be quick and attentive all day if they eat breakfast
B．a proper breakfast will make mental workers more efficient
C．fruit, eggs, bread and milk are the best breakfast for mental workers
D．school-children who have breakfast are much brighter than those who don’t
小题4:Which of the following is NOT true according to Para. 4?
A．Some people skip breakfast because they want to be slimmer.
B．Most people who skip breakfast actually eat more for lunch.
C．People put on weight because they eat too much breakfast.
D．Skipping breakfast won’t help people who want to lose weight.
小题5:The best title of the passage is _______.
A．How to Lose WeightB．What’s a Healthy Diet
C．Surprising Results of a StudyD．Breakfast – A Meal That Breaks You Fast

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