Technology is making life easier for some dairy farmers. They use robotic systems to milk their cows. These systems are designed to reduce labor and increase milk production.

Cows are trained to follow a series of paths that lead to the milking stations. Only one cow at a time can enter the station. Once inside,the cow is rewarded with food. As the cow eats,a robotic arm cleans and connects the animal to the milking machine. A few minutes later,the milking is completed. The gate is lifted. The cow leaves and the next cow enters. The robotic systems are designed to operate twenty­ four hours a day. Cows are milked on average about three times a day. Some are milked four to six times a day. The cows wear collars(颈圈) around their necks that identify them to the system. A computer keeps records on their eating and milking. A cow is released from the station if the computer decides it should not be milked. The system also measures the temperature and color of the freshly produced milk. Milk is thrown away if it does not pass the tests. Cows need two to four weeks to learn to use the robotic milking systems. Once trained,the cows no longer require human assistance,unless something goes wrong.

Professor Plaut heads the Department of Animal Science at Michigan State University. She believes the systems will attract especially the next generation of farmers who are more interested in technology and less interested in working all the time on the farm. Still,she says the price of robotic milking systems will continue to limit their use. Doug Suhr has more than one hundred milking cows on his farm. Last year it became the fourth farm in southeast Minnesota to get a robotic milking system. A recent story in a local agricultural newspaper said the first robot cost $175,000 and the second cost $150,000.Doug says the increase in milk production reaches a high of more than 6kg per cow per day.

1.Under robotic milking systems,______ decide(s) whether a cow is suitable to be milked.

A.the robotic arms B.the dairy farmers

C.the cows themselves D.a computer

2.When is human assistance needed during the milking?

A.When the cows enter the milking station every morning.

B.When a robotic arm connects a cow to the milking machine.

C.When the cows are trained to use the robotic milking system in the first two to four weeks.

D.When the temperature and color of the freshly produced milk are measured.

3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?

A.Since Doug got the robotic milking system,milk production on his farm has increased.

B.The price of milking machines decreases $25,000 every year.

C.Doug has the largest farm in southeast Minnesota.

D.There are four farms in southeast Minnesota that have robotic milking systems so far.

4.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A.the price of robotic milking systems will greatly decrease

B.robotic milking systems are still too expensive to be popular

C.most farmers are too old to use robotic milking systems

D.robotic milking systems don't need to work at night

Imagine that 7 out of 10 working Americans got fired tomorrow. What would they all do? It’s hard to believe it would happen. But that is what the industrial revolution did to the labor force of the early 19th century.

Two hundred years ago, 70 percent of American workers lived on the farm. Today automation(自动化) has eliminated all but one percent of their jobs, replacing them with machines. But these workers did not sit, doing nothing. Instead, automation created hundreds of millions of jobs in completely new fields. Those who once farmed were then working in factories that produced farm equipment, cars, and other industrial products.

It may be hard to believe, but before the end of this century, 70 percent of today’s jobs will likely be replaced by automation. Yes, dear reader, even you will have your job taken away by machines. In other words, robot replacement is just a matter of time, First, speedy robots being able to lift 150 pounds all day long will carry boxes, sort them, and load them onto trucks. Fruit and vegetable picking will continue to be robotized until no humans pick outside of specialty farms. Next, The work of cleaning in offices and schools will be taken over by late-night robots. The trucks will be driven by robots.

We need to let robots take over. They will do jobs we have been doing, and do them much better than we can. They will do jobs we can’t do at all. They will do jobs we never imagined even needed to be done, and they will help us discover new jobs for ourselves and new tasks that expand who we are. They will let us focus on becoming more human than we were.

1.What happened in the early 19th century?

A. Some working Americans in factories got fired.

B. Jobless workers had no choice but to sit there doing nothing at all.

C. Many American workers had to leave factories to work on the farm.

D. The industrial revolution caused many Americans to lose their jobs.

2.How does the author support the underlined statement in Paragraph 3?

A. By giving advice.

B. By giving examples.

C. By following the order of time.

D. By explaining cause and effect.

3.How does the author feel about robots taking over our jobs?

A. Afraid. B. Happy. C. Puzzled. D. Angry.

4.What does the author want to tell us in the text ?

A. Why robots should take over our jobs.

B. 70% of working Americans will be jobless.

C. The industrial revolution led to the automation.

D. Robots will do more things for us to live better.

War or natural disasters often destroy or cause major damage to sanitary systems. The destruction of waste treatment systems can increase the risk of disease and even death among survivors.

Some people dig holes in the ground that serve as individual toilets. However, micro-organisms from human wastes can reach water supplies and cause cholera or other diseases.

A United Nations team is now developing a toilet for disaster areas. The experimental project is called eSOS—for the Emergency Sanitation Operation System. The system is lightweight and operates on sunlight power.

Scientists are working on the toilet at the UN’s Institute for Water Education in the Netherlands. Damir Brdjanovic is heading the project. He says his team hopes to bring disaster assistance into the 21st century.

The eSOS system has several ‘smart’ features, such as a self-contained energy supply unit. Another is a global positioning system sensor, very much like the GPS equipment in some vehicles. There is also equipment that measures waste buildup. All of the information from the toilet system can be shared with an emergency organization center. Officials at the center can then identify the needs of an affected disaster area. The eSOS system can also recycle liquid wastes into water that can be used for farming. This involves treating the urine(尿液)with the help of a membrane bioreactor system(膜生物反应器系统).

The smart toilet is being tested. Damir Brdjanovic and his team plan to test the toilet at a refugee camp in the Philippines later this year. The developers hope this disaster relief will save the lives of many refugees.

1.What’s the best title of the passage?

A. Toilet for Our Future Life

B. Machine to Recycle Human Wastese

C. New Technology to Reduce the Risk of Disease

D. SOS—the Emergency Sanitation Operation System

2.Which of the following is NOT true about eSOS?

A. It weighs light.

B. It serves as individual toilet for disaster survivors.

C. It doesn’t need any power.

D. It is equipped with a global positioning system sensor.

3.What can we infer from this passage?

A. eSOS can prevent any risk of disease.

B. eSOS will be put into use in the near future.

C. Damir Brdjanovic holds a negative attitude to eSOS.

D. The eSOS system can recycle liquid wastes into drinkable water.

Darek Fidyka, a 38-year-old Bulgarian, had been paralysed (瘫痪的) from the chest down for four years after a knife attack. Scientists from Britain and Poland took cells from his nose, transplanted (移植) them into his back and re-grew his spinal cord (脊髓). Now he can walk and even drive a car. The doctors were delighted but said it was the first step in a long journey.

The breakthrough came after 40 years of research by Professor Geoff Raisman, who found that cells had the possibility to repair damage to nasal (鼻腔的) nerves, the only part of the nervous system that constantly re-grows. “The idea was to take something from an area where the nervous system can repair itself, and does so throughout life, and put it into an area that doesn’t repair itself,” Professor Raisman said.

Polish doctors injected the nasal cells into Mr Fidyka’s spinal cord above and below the injury and used some nerves from his ankle to form a bridge across the damaged tissue. The nasal cells appear to have caused the spinal nerves to repair themselves.

Professor Raisman achieved this with rats in the late 1990s, but this is his greatest success. “I think the moment of discovery for me was Christmas in 1997 when I first saw a rat that couldn’t control its hand put its hand out to me. That was an exciting moment, because I realized then that my belief that the nervous system could be repaired was true.”

Doctors chose the easiest case for their first attempt — it might not work for others. But there is a real sense of hope that an idea once thought impossible has been realized.

David Nicholls, who helped provide money for the breakthrough, said information about the breakthrough would be made available to researchers across the globe.

“What you’ve got to understand is that for three million paralysed people in the world today, the world looks a totally brighter place than it did yesterday,” he said.

1.Why did Professor Geoff Raisman choose cells from the nose?

A. The nervous system in the nose can repair itself.

B. Cells in the nose can be easily transplanted.

C. Cells in the nose re-produce rapidly.

D. He just wanted to give it a try.

2.What made Professor Geoff Raisman believe the nervous system can be repaired?

A. His study on animals.

B. His operation on a paralysed patient.

C. His sudden thoughts about Christmas.

D. His unusual experience with a sick rat.

3.David Nicholls’ words suggest that _____.

A. the world is becoming better and brighter

B. paralysed people have the hope of recovery

C. the report of the breakthrough will be published soon

D. researchers across the globe will carry out the operation

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