题目内容

9．Language is always changing．In a society where life continues year after year with few changes，the language does not change，either．The earliest known languages had difficult grammar but a small，limited vocabulary．Over the century，the grammar changed，and the vocabulary grew．For example，the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth century gave names to all new plants and animals they found．In this way，hundreds of new words were introduced into English and Spanish vocabularies．Today life is changing very fast，and language is changing fast too．
There are several major language families in the world．Some scientists say there are nine main families，but other scientists divide them differently．The languages in each family are connected，and scientists think that they came from the same parent language About 3percent of the people in the world speak languages that are not in these major families．
24．The early language hadD．
A．a lot of problems
B．words and easy grammar
C．words but no grammar
D．grammar but not many words
25．In the next few hundred years we can expect language toB．
A．stay exactly the same
B．change a great deal
C．change only a little
D．add more words and drop some grammar
26．What this article shows is thatC．
A．languages change fast
B．languages really don't want to change
C．language changes with changes of society
D．Spanish and English change
27．From this article we can see thatA．
A．language can change very slowly or very quickly
B．if we don't change，then our language won't change，either
C．we should give our plants new names
D．English and Spanish are the only languages that have changes．

分析 本文主要讲述了语言的变化，随着社会的变化，语言也有各种变化．

解答 24．D 细节题．由第一段第二句"The earliest known languages had difficult grammar but a small，limited vocabulary．"可知早期语言有复杂的语法但词汇量较小．故正确答案D．
25．B 推断题．由第一段最后一句"Today life is changing very fast，and language is changing fast too．"可知语言将会发生很多变化．故正确答案为B．
26．C主旨题．本文说明了语言随时间发生的变化，文章首句"Language is always changing．"及最后一句"Today life is changing very fast，and language is changing fast too．"点明主旨．故正确答案为C．
27．A 推理题．根据文章内容，本文主要讲述到语言的变化，Today life is changing very fast，and language is changing fast too．有时会变化的快有时会变化的慢，结合选项，故选A

点评 本文是一个科教类阅读，题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断题也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确答案，切忌胡乱猜测，一定要做到有理有据．

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7．Reward methods are an everyday occurrence in our classrooms．More than ever，a great number of incentive（激励） programs have been created to help teachers manage behavior，and motivate learners．However，there is evidence that in the long run，reward systems don't work．
Many people believe that rewards can help students develop a reason to do better．However，this approach fails to address why children are unable to be successful in the first place．When a student who dislikes math frequently behaves badly in class，a simple and easy way to deal with the behavior might be to offer him a reward for not misbehaving．Yet this would do nothing to solve his real problem-which is his attitude towards math．
On the other hand，rewards can't last forever．So what happens when they stop？Many experiments suggest once the rewards stop，people go back to behaving as they did before．
Some people might counter that．It may be true that students won't spontaneously（自发地） work once we stop rewarding them，but at least they will have worked more than they otherwise would have!Unfortunately，there is another more surprising consequence of rewards that we need to consider：Rather than create motivation，they can actually decrease motivation．
In a classic study，some kinder garteners who enjoyed drawing with markers were observed in a classroom with different activities available．They were broken into two groups．Everyone in the first group was told that he or she could win an attractive certificate by drawing a picture with markers．Each was eager to get the certificate and drew a picture．Children in the second group were also encouraged to draw but didn't get a certificate．After a delay of about two weeks，when the markers again appeared in the classroom but no certificate was promised，the children in the first group used the markers about half as much as children in the second group．Apparently，rewards actually made them enjoy drawing less．
What we really want is for students to take responsibility for their own learning．When much of the focus is on performance outcome，it can stop the development of self-motivation．The‘self-determination theory'claims all human beings will succeed when our basic，inborn，and emotional needs are met．By providing appropriate support and opportunities，we can help to meet the needs of all students and therefore increase their motivation．

63．The author mainly argues thatD．
   A．students should be responsible for their learning
B．incentive programs help to solve real problems
C．motivation plays an important role in learning
D．reward methods for students are ineffective
64．The underlined word"counter"in Paragraph 4 probably meansB．
A．suspect B．oppose C．detail D．confirm
65．In Paragraph 5，the author uses the example to show thatD．
A．rewards keep interest
B．children enjoy awards
C．children are changeable
D．rewards reduce motivation
66．The author persuades readers to accept his argument mainly byC．
A．questioning the results of classic studies
B．comparing strengths with weaknesses
C．pointing out the problems with reward systems
D．giving examples of badly-behaved students．
20．Dennis Sinar，51，a doctor from New York，is quick to explain why he took a year-long break from his job．"I was pretty burned out after practicing medicine for 26 years．I needed a recharge．"So he took a"gap year"，from July 2011 to June 2012，to explore things like ancient buildings，and traditional Eastern medicine，in locations including Alaska，Nepal and Romania．
"Taking a break from work is an excellent way for adults to go into a new career or refresh an old one，"said Holly Bull，president of Princeton，N，J．"In recent years，mid-career breaks have been gaining more interest，"she said．A report on adult gap years published this year by a market research company also desbribed the potential American market for gap years as a"sleeping giant．"
"A gap year is a challenge for the older individual to step out of comfort zone and take a risk．I enjoyed that side most．"Said Dr．Sinar，who kept a daily blog about his experience．His time studying Eastern medicine at his old job，although he works fewer days．"I use those experiences to provide my patients with more care，"he added．"And I listen better than I did before．"
Geoge Garrian，chairman of the Department of Leadership and Human Capital Mangement at New York University，certainly agrees with Dr．Sinar．He said a gap-year experience could be worthwhile for employees and companies．For employees，investing in themselves and improving skill sets is a move that will benefit throughout their career．He added that returning employees feel refreshed and have given more thought to their career．For companies，offering unpaid leaves makes good sense for attracting and keeping talented employees．
25．Dr．Sinar took a gap year because heB．
A．had lost his old job       
B．wanted to refresh after 26 years'work
C．had a desire for travelling  
D．became interested in historical research
26．The phrase"sleeping giant"（ in 2nd paragragh） indicates thatD．
A．it's too early for people to accept the concept of gap year．
B．the effect of gap year policy remains to be seen
C．it's difficult to foresee the gap year market
D．more American people will accept the gap year policy
27．What's George Garritan's attitude toward the"gap year"？A
A．positive   B．Doubtful  C．Uninterested   D．uncertain
28．What's the pas sage mainly about？B
A．How an adult plans a mid-career gap year
B．Why a gap year is worthwhile for adults
C．Whether a gap year is popular with adults
D．Why a gap year is challenging for individuals．
17．People select news in expectation of a reward．This reward may be either of two kinds．One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle，the other to what he calls the Reality Principle．For want of better names，we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward．
In general，the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption，accidents and disasters，sports，social events，and human interest．Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs，economic matters，social problems，science，education，and health．
News of the first kind pays its rewards at once．A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved．He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs．
News of the second kind，however，pays its rewards later．It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance-as，for example，when he reads of the threatening foreign situation，the mounting national debt，rising taxes，falling market，scarce housing，and cancer．It has a kind of"threat value．"It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared．When a reader selects delayed reward news，he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work．When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world．
For any individual，of course，the boundaries of these two classes are not stable．For example，a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem，rather than for its immediate reward．A coach may read a sports story for its threat value：he may have to play that team next week．A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting，not for its delayed reward，but very much as his wife reads an account of a party．In any given story of corruption or disaster，a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience，but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness．Therefore，while the division of categories holds in general，an individual's tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another，or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward．
What news stories do you read？
Division of news stories●People expect to get （66）rewards/rewarded from reading news．
●News stories are roughly divided into two classes．
●Some news will excite their readers instantly while others won't．
（67）Explanations of the two classes●News of immediate reward will seeming take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual（68）involvement．
●Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and （69）share similar feelings with those involved．
●News of delayed reward will make readers suffer，or present a （70）threat to them．
●News of delayed reward will induce the reader to （71）prepare for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to （72）withdraw from the reality．
Unstable boundaries of the two classes●What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their（73）profession（s）/intention．
●Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and （74）adapt themselves to the reality．
●Thus，the division，on the whole，（75）dependson the reader．
4．Do you know the things and personsthat they aretalking about？
你知道他们正在谈论的那些人和事吗？
14．Back in the fifteenth century，in a village near Nuremberg，lived a family with eighteen children．Eighteen!In order to support such a big family，the father worked almost eighteen hours a day．Despite their hopeless condition，two of the children Albrecht Durer and his elder brother Albert Durer had a dream．They both wanted to become artists．，but they knew full well that their father would never be financially able to send either of them to Nuremberg to study at the Academy（专科学院）．
After many long discussions，the two boys finally worked out an agreemet．They would toss a coin．The loser would go down into the nearby mines and，with his earnings，support his brother while he attended the academy．Then，when that brother completed his studies，in four years，he would support the other broter at the academy．
Tossing a coin，Albrecht Durer won and went off to Nuremberg．Albert went down into the dangerous mines and，for the next four years，supported his brother，whose work at the academy was very good．By the time he graduated，he had earned considerable money for his works of art．．
When the young artist returned to his village，the Durer family held a festive dinner to celebrate Albrecht's homecoming，where Albrecht drank a toast to his beloved brother for the years of support that had enabled him to achieve his ambitio．"And now，Albert，it is your turn．Now you can go to Nuremberg to go for your dream，and I will take care of you．"
Tears streaming down his pale face，Albert sobbed，"No …no …no …no，It is too late for me．Look …look what four years in the mines have done to my hands!I have been suffering from arthritis（关节炎） so badly in my right hand that I cannot even hold a glass to return your toast．I cannot paint with a pen or a brush．"
To show thanks to Albrt for all of his sacrifice（牺牲），Albrecht Durer drew his brother's damaged hands with palms together and thin fingers stretched skyward．He called his powerful drawing simply"Hands，"but the entire world almost immediately opened their hearts to his great masterpiece and renamed it"The Praying Hands．"
The next time you see a copy of that touching creation，take a second look．Let it be your reminder--no one ever makes it alone!
28．Why did the two brother work out the agreement？C
A．They were so curious as to make a bet．
B．One of the brothers should go down to the miners．
C．Their family couldn't afford their attending the academy
D．They wanted to support the other sisters and brothers．
29．Which of the following statements is NOT true about Albrecht Durer？B
A．He did perfectly well at the academy．
B．He began to earn his living after graduation．
C．He wanted to support his brother after graduation．
D．He created a great piece of work The Praying Hands．
30．Which is the right order of the following events according to the passage？B
a．Albrecht went to Nuremberg．
b．The Durer family held a festive dinner．
c．Albrecht drew his brothers damaged hands．
d．The brothers tossed a coin．
e．Albrecht had earned considerable money before graduation．
A．b-a-c-e-d      
B．d-a-e-b-c    
C．a-c-d-b-e    
D．e-d-a-c-b．
1．We were able toconvince（使信服） the students of the need for wider reading．
18．Taking Questions
    When giving presentations，it is common practice to encourage audience involvement and this often takes the form of questions from the audience．A good deal has been written recently discussing the advantages and disadvanges of various approaches to handling these．（71）E
    One approach is to take questions as and when they arise．Usually there are only a few points from the audience but in the event of receiving too many，the presenter may move the presentation on by reminding the audience of the time，and offering to continue the discussion later．（72）BThose who aren't will simply have to wait．
    （73）C A danger here is that too much time may be wasted on questions and，as a consequence，important parts of other main points have to be edited out．The audience may also confuse the presenter by asking about points that he or she intends to cover later in the presentation．If this happens，it is important to make the audience aware that answering their questions now might weaken the structure of the talk．
    Alternatively，mid-point questions can be discouraged by signalling that you would prefer questions at the end．If you take this approach，however，it is important to bear in mind that when you get to the end，it may take a little time for people to reflect on what they have heard and to formulate a question．（74）F To overcome this，it is useful to have a chairperson who is prepared to ask the first question．
    （75）A In that case，the safest response is to tell the truth．Then the rest of the audience may appreciate your honesty．It may also be possible to move the attention away from the questioner by asking other audience if anyone else can provide an answer．

A．Another potential problem is unfriendly questioners who ask the kind of questions they know will be difficult to answer．
B．A statement such as"I will come back to this point at the end"should keep most people happy．
C．Another approach is to ask for questions after each main point has been addressed．
D．It is a good idea to be aware of the traps that this type of questioners try to set．
E．However，my intention here is simply to present the most common approaches．
F．There is even the possibility that an embarrassing silence may ensure．
G．Seeking a question can be an effective way of moving the session on．
19．听下面一段对话，回答第10至第12三个小题．
10．What is the probable relationship between the speakers？
A．Fellow workers．    B．Sister and brother．    C．Schoolmates．
11．What happened to Sam？
A．He was caught cheating in his math exam．
B．He didn't pass his math exam．
C．He gave up his math exam．
12．What is Sam going to do this afternoon？
A．Complain to the woman．    B．Have another exam．    C．See the principal．

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