A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increase the risk. Researchers from the University of Iowa based their findings on a review 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

Elderly people who drink several cups of green tea a day are less likely to suffer from depression, probably due to a "feel good" chemical found in this type of tea, Japanese researchers said.
Several studies have    1 drinking green tea to lessening psychological problems and Kaijun Niu, of Tohoku University Graduate School, and colleagues found people    2  70 and older who drank four or more cups of green tea daily were 44 percent   3    likely to experience depression.
Green tea is widely  4   in many Asian countries, 5   China and Japan.
Niu's team  6    1,058 relatively healthy elderly men and women. About 34 percent of the men and 39 percent of the women had symptoms of    7 , according to the study that was  8     in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
A total of 488 participants said they    9   four or more cups of green tea a day, 284 said they downed two to three cups    10  and the rest reported having one or fewer cups daily.
According to the researchers, the    11   effect of drinking more    12   tea on alleviating symptoms of depression did not    13  after they factored in social and economic status, gender, diet, history of medical problems and       14 of antidepressants.
There was no   15   between consumption of black or oolong tea, or coffee, and   16    symptoms of depression.
A green tea component, the amino acid thiamine（硫胺素）, which is  17   to have a tranquilizing（镇静的） 18  on the brain, may 19 the "potentially beneficial effect" shown in the current study, Niu noted,   20  that more study is needed.
(   ) 1. A. linked              B. taken         C. considered               D. regarded
(   ) 2. A. aging                      B. aged          C. years                D. age
(   ) 3. A. more                B. little          C. less                  D. much
(    ) 4. A. sold                 B. planted      C. spread               D. consumed
(    ) 5. A. including          B. concluding C. containing               D. considering
(    ) 6. A. looked for               B. checked     C. investigated      D. asked
(    ) 7. A. optimism          B. happiness C. bitterness          D. depression
(    ) 8. A. published         B. come out C. appeared           D. showed
(    ) 9. A. ate                   B. drank               C. swallowed               D. chewed
(    ) 10. A. weekly           B. daily          C. monthly           D. yearly
(    ) 11. A. apparent         B. light          C. huge                D. gentle
(    ) 12. A. black                     B. oolong      C. coffee              D. green
(    ) 13. A. fade                      B. disappear C. run                  D. decease
(   ) 14. A. influence               B. effect               C. use                   D. result
(    ) 15. A. association      B. use            C. comparison       D. difference
(    ) 16. A. lower             B. increase     C. strengthen         D. cause
(    ) 17. A. assumed          B. thought     C. imaged              D. hoped
(    ) 18. A. effect             B. affect               C. effort                      D. outcome
(    ) 19. A. report             B. confirm     C. complete          D. explain
(    ) 20. A. adding            B. addressing        C. speaking           D. saying

Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is essential to one’s life. Eating breakfast at the start of the day, we have been told, and told again, is as necessary as putting gasoline in the family car before starting a trip.
But for many people, the thought of food as the first thing in the morning is never a pleasure. So in spite of all the efforts, they still take no breakfast. Between 1977 and 1983, the latest year for which figures could be obtained(可获得的), the number of people who didn’t have breakfast increased by 33%—from 8.8 million to 11.7 million—according to the Chicago-based Market Research Corporation of America.
For those who dislike eating breakfast, however, there is some good news. Several studies in the last few years have shown that, for grown-ups especially, there may be nothing wrong with omitting(省略) breakfast. “Going without breakfast does not affect work,” said Arnold E. Bender, former professor of nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College in London, “nor does giving people breakfast improve work.”
Scientific evidence linking breakfast to better health or better work is surprisingly inadequate(不适当), and most of the recent work involves(涉及) children, not grown-ups. “The literature,” says one researcher, Dr Earnest Polite at the University of Texas, “is poor.”
小题1:The main idea of the passage is _______.

A．breakfast has nothing to do with people’s health

B．a good breakfast used to be important to us

C．breakfast is not as important to us as gasoline to a car

D．breakfast is not as important as we thought before

小题2:For those who do not take breakfast, the good news is that _______.

A．several studies have been done in the past few years

B．the omission of breakfast does no harm to one’s health

C．grown-ups have especially made studies in this field

D．eating little in the morning is good for health

小题3:The underlined part “nor does giving people breakfast improve work” means _______.

A．people without breakfast can improve their work

B．not giving people breakfast improves work

C．having breakfast does not improve work, either

D．people having breakfast do improve their work, too

小题4:The word "literature" in the last sentence refers to _______.

A．stories, poems, play, etc

B．written works on a particular subject

C．any printed material

D．the modern literature of America

小题5:What is implied but not stated by the author is that _______.

A．breakfast does not affect work

B．Dr Polite works at an institution of higher learning

C．not eating breakfast might affect the health of children

D．Professor Bender once taught college courses in nutrition in London

Alzheimer’s disease is a major national health problem. Nearly 2 million Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer’s disease. It is a leading cause of death among the elderly. But Alzheimer’s disease is not confined(限于)to the aged. There may be a million or more people under the age of 65 suffering from the disease.?
At one time, people suffering from the disease were said to be“getting old”.The disease was though to be a natural part of growing old, but it is now known that Alzheimer’s disease strikes young and old alike. It is an organic(器官的)disease that destroys brain cells.?
Alzheimer’s disease affects the patient’s memory, speech, and movement. In the beginning stages of the disease, the patient may seem slightly confused. He may have trouble speaking. Then the patient’s memory begins to fail. He may forget dates, telephone numbers, names and plans.?
As the disease progresses, the patient may not recognize family and friends. These symptoms(症状)often cause terrible anxiety in the patient. He may feel lost and frightened. Sometimes the patient reacts with wild and bad behavior.?
In the last stages of the disease, the patient may not be able to take care of himself. He may have lost the ability to speak and walk.?
Scientists don’t know exactly what causes Alzheimer’s disease. It may be caused by a virus(病毒).It may be caused by a poisonous substance(物质)in the environment. At present, there is no cure for the disease. But there are ways to slow its progress. Exercise and physical treatment can help the patients of this disease.?
小题1:The main idea of the passage is that Alzheimer’s disease________.?

A．is a terrible part of the aging process?

B．is an organic disease that affects young and old?

C．can be cured by physical treatment?

D．causes forgetfulness

小题2:All of the following are symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease EXCEPT_________.?
A. forgetfulness B. difficulty in speaking?
.loss of sight D. loss of the ability to walk
小题3:According to the passage, which of the following may be a cause of Alzheimer’s disease??

A．Poisons produced by the brain.	B．Getting old.?
C．A virus.	D．Lack of exercise.

小题4:he progress of Alzheimer’s disease can be slowed by________.?

A．operation	B．a change in environment?
C．medicines	D．physical treatment and exercise

The British National Health Service (NHS) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country. Before this time health care had to be paid for by individuals.
Nowadays central government is directly responsible for the NHS although it is administered by local health authorities. About 83 percent of the cost of the health service is paid for by general taxation and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work. There are charges for prescription and dental care but many people, such as children, pregnant women, pensioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment.
Most people are registered with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner) who is increasingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community.
As the population of Britain gets older, the hospital service now treats more patients than before, although patients spend less time in hospital. NHS hospitals—many of which were built in the nineteenth century—provide nearly half a million beds and have over 480, 000 medical staff. The NHS is the biggest employer in Europe although Britain actually spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours.
During the 1980s there was considerable restructuring of the Health Service with an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatization of some services (for example, cleaning). At the end of the 1980s the government introduced proposals for further reform of the NHS, including allowing some hospitals to be self-governing, and encouraging GPs to compete for patients. Patients would be able to choose and change their family doctor more easily and GPs would have more financial responsibility. The political questions continue of how much money should be provided to support the NHS and where it should come from.
小题1: We can know from the first paragraph that ______.

A．the original aim of the NHS was to provide equal basic health care for everybody

B．people didn’t have to pay for health care since the NHS was set up

C．patients were charged for receiving health care before 1948

D．the NHS was an organization which gave free advice to villagers

小题2:What do we know about the NHS?

A．It’s managed by the central government.

B．Its cost is mainly paid for by the National Insurance contributions.

C．It hires more people than any other unit in Europe.

D．Fewer patients go to its hospitals than before because they spend less on health care.

小题3: All the following statements about GPs are true except that they ______.

A．take care of the local people’s health

B．often take part in competitions to see who is the best

C．work under high pressure nowadays

D．have more responsibilities than before

小题4:What does the underlined word “exempt” probably mean?

小题5:The biggest problem for the NHS is ______.

A．many hospitals are too old to be used

B．some services are in the charge of individuals

C．more and more patients go to GPs for treatment

D．there is not enough money for further reform

Ｃ
A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren’t used to the early hour.
“Maybe these kids are being asked to rise at the wrong time for their bodies,” says Mary Carskadon, a professor looking at problem of adolescent (青春期的) sleep at Brown’s School of Medicine.
Carskadon is trying to understand more about the effects of early school time in adolescents. And, at a more basic level. she and her team are trying to learn more about how the biological changes of adolescence affect sleep needs and patterns.
Carskadon says her work suggests that adolescents may need more sleep than they did at childhood, no less, as commonly thought.
Sleep patterns change during adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most adolescents prefer to stay up later at nigh and sleep later in the morning. But it’s not just a matter of choice –their bodies are going through a change of sleep patters.
All of this makes the transfer from middle school to high school—which may start one hour earlier in the morning ---- all the more difficult , Carskadon says. With their increased need for sleep and their biological clocks set on the “sleep late, rise late” pattern, adolescent are up against difficulties when it conics to trying to be up by 5 or 6 a.m. for a 7:30 a.m. first hell. A short sleep on a desktop may be their body’s way of saying. “I need a timeout.”
小题1:Carskadon suggests that high schools should not start classes so early in the morning because ________.

A．it is really tough for parents to enforce bedtime

B．it is biologically difficult for students to rise early

C．students work so late at night that they can’t get up early

D．students are so lazy that they don’t like to go to school early

小题2:The underlined phrase “nod off” most probably means “ _______”.

小题3:What might be a reason for the hard transfer from middle school to high school?

A．Adolescents depend more on their parents.

B．Adolescents have to choose their sleep patterns.

C．Adolescents sleep better than they did at childhood.

D．Adolescents need more sleep than they used to.

小题4:What is the test mainly about?

A．Adolescent heath care.	B．Problems in adolescent learning.
C．Adolescent sleep difficulties.	D．Changes in adolescent sleep needs and patterns.

Whatever our differences as human beings are we all think we’re more like the rest of the animal world than we realize. It is said that we share 40 per cent of our genetic（遗传的）structure with the simple worm.
But that fact has helped Sir John Sulston win the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Sir John is the founder of the Sanger Institute in Cambridge, which was set up in 1992 to get further understanding of the human genome（染色体组）.
To help them do this, they turned to the worm. The nematode（线虫类的）worm is one of the earliest creatures on planet earth. It is less than one millimeter long, completely transparent and spends its entire life digging holes through sand. But it still has lots to say about human life, and what can be done to make it better.
What the worm told Sir John and his colleagues was that each of the cells in the human body is programmed like a computer. They grow, develop and die according to a set of instructions that are coded in our genetic make-up.
Many of the diseases that humans suffer from happen when these instructions go wrong or are not obeyed. When the cell refuses to die but carries on growing instead, this leads to cancer. Heart attacks and diseases like AIDS cause more cell deaths than normal, increasing the damage they do to the body. Sir John was the first scientist to prove the existence of programmed cell death.
小题1:Sir John Sulston got a Nobel Prize for Medicine because he has .

A．found that human beings are similar to the worm

B．got the fact we share 40 per cent of our genetic structure with the simple worm

C．found the computer which controls each of the cells in the human body

D．proved that cell death is programmed

小题2:People might be seriously ill if the cells in their body .

A．grow without being instructed	B．die regularly
C．fail to follow people’s instructions	D．develop in the human body

小题3:The underlined word“they”（paragraph 5）refers to .

小题4:What is the subject discussed in the text?

A．The theory of programmed cell deaths.	B．A great scientist—Sir John Sulston.
C．The programmed human life.	D．Dangerous diseases.

Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.
Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.
Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.
The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.
The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.
小题1:According to Professor Barnes, theobromine ______.

A．cannot be as effective as codeine

B．can be harmful to people’s health

C．cannot be separated from chocolate

D．can be a more effective cure for coughs

小题2:What was used in the experiment to cause coughing?

小题3:We learn from the text that volunteers in the experiment _____.

A．were patients with bad coughs

B．were divided into the three groups

C．received standard treatments

D．suffered little side effects

小题4:Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A．Codeine: A New Medicine	B．Chocolate May Cure Coughs
C．Cough Treatment: A Hard Case	D．Theobromine Can Cause Coughs

This is my world now; it’s all I have left. You see, I’m old. And, I’m not as healthy as I used to be. I’m not necessarily happy with it, but I accept it. Occasionally, a member of my family will stop in to see me. He or she will bring me some flowers or a little present, maybe a set of slippers—I’ve got eight pairs. And then they will return to the outside world and I’ll be alone again. Oh, there are other people here in the nursing home. Residents, we’re called. The majority are about my age. I’m 84. Many are in wheelchairs. The lucky ones are passing through—a broken hip, a diseased heart, something has brought them here for rehabilitation(康复). When they’re well they’ll be going home.
The help here is basically pretty good, although there’s a large turnover of staff. Just when I get comfortable with someone he or she moves on to another job. I understand that. This is not the best job to have. I don’t much like some of the physical things that happen to us. I don’t care much for a diaper(尿布). I seem to have lost the control acquired so diligently as a child. The difference is that I’m aware and embarrassed, but I can’t do anything about it. I’ve had three children, and I know it isn’t pleasant to clean another’s diaper. My husband used to wear a gas mask when he changed the kids. I wish I had one now.
Why do you think the staff insists on talking baby talk when speaking to me? I understand English. I have a degree in music and am a certified teacher. Now I hear a lot of words that end in “y”. There is little need for anyone to position their face directly in front of mine and raise their voice with those “y” words. Sometimes it takes longer for a meaning to sink in; sometimes my mind wanders when I am bored. But there’s no need to shout.
I’d love to go out for a meal or travel again. I’d love to go to my own church, sing with my own choir. I’d love to visit my friends. Most of them are gone now or else they are in different “homes” of their children’s choosing. I’d love to play a good game of bridge, but no one here seems to concentrate very well. My children put me here for my own good. They said they would be able to visit me frequently. But they have their own lives to lead. That sounds normal. I don’t want to be a burden. They know that. But I would like to see them more. One of them is here in town. He visits as much as he can.
Something else I’ve learned to accept is loss of privacy. Quite often I’ll close my door when my roommate—imagine having a roommate at my age—is in the TV room. I do appreciate some time to myself and believe that I have earned at least that courtesy(礼貌). As I sit thinking or writing, one of the aides invariably opens the door unannounced and walks in as if I’m not there. Sometimes she even opens my drawers and begins searching around. Am I invisible? Have I lost my right to respect and dignity? I am still a human being. I would like to be treated as one.
Back to my semiprivate room for a little semi-privacy or a nap(午睡). I do need my beauty rest; company may come today. What is today, again? The afternoon drags into early evening. This used to be my favorite time of the day. Things would wind down. I would kick off my shoes. Put my feet up on the coffee table. Pop open a bottle of Chablis and enjoy the fruits of my day’s labor with my husband. He’s gone. So is my health. This is my world.
小题1:Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

A．The staff at the nursing home mistreated the elderly people.

B．Nursing home workers sometimes stole items from her drawers.

C．Her children did not often visit because they felt guilty for having put her in the nursing home.

D．The staff used baby talk with her because they assumed her mind had aged as her body had.

小题2:The author concluded her essay with a tone of ________.

小题3:How will the author’s son most probably feel after he reads this essay?

小题4:The best title for the passage would be ________.

A．The Disadvantages of Growing Old

B．If Only I could be getting better

C．The Elderly: A Forgotten Generation

D．The Place That Changed My Life

A．seldom use sunscreen	B．are more in danger of skin cancer
C．can be free from the harm of the sun	D．often expose themselves to the sun

A．Sunscreen to Prevent Skin Cancer	B．Sunscreen to Increase Skin Cancer
C．Skin Cancer Caused by Sunscreen	D．Skin Cancer Caused by Freckles

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