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Drinking eight cups or two litres of water a day is longstanding advice. But is there any scientific basis for it, asks Dr Chris van Tulleken.
You know those ads that remind us that even a small drop in hydration（水合作用） levels can massively affect performance so you need to keep hydrated with whatever brand of super drink they're selling?
They seem pretty scientific don't they? Man in white coat, athlete with electrodes attached and so on. And it's not a hard sell because drinking feels right - you're hot and sweating so surely replacing that fluid must be beneficial.
Well earlier this year sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment that had never been done before.This group wanted to find out what happened to performance after dehydration. So they took a group of cyclists and exercised them until they lost 3% of their total body weight in sweat.
Then their performance was assessed after rehydration with either 1) nothing, 2) enough water to bring them back to 2% dehydration or 3) after full rehydration.
So far nothing unusual, but the difference between this and almost every other study that's ever been done on hydration was that the cyclists were blind to how much water they got. The fluid was given intravenously without them knowing the volume.
This is vital because we all, and especially athletes, have such an intimate(密切的)psychological relationship with water consumption.
Remarkably, there was no performance difference between those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing. This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst" which hopes to persuade athletes not to over hydrate with the potentially fatal consequence of diluting your sodium level, causing hyponatraemia.
Perhaps the result shouldn't be so surprising. Humans evolved doing intense exercise in extreme heat and dryness. We are able to tolerate losses in water relatively well whereas even slight over hydration can be far more dangerous. In simple terms, being too watery is as bad for you as being too concentrated.
小题1:What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．doing exercise	B．losing water
C．drinking water	D．having a rest

小题3:What is NOT TRUE according to the passage?

A．Drinking too much water is bad for us

B．Sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment for the first time.

C．Those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing performed differently.

D．The cyclists didn’t know how much water they got.

小题4:What can we learn from the last paragragh?

A．Humans can bear losing water relatively well

B．It’s dangerous to drink water.

C．Athletes should drink more water than others.

D．This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst".

小题5:what is Dr Chris van Tulleken’s attitude towards the. longstanding advice？

“If music is the medicine of the soul(灵魂), let it play on,” said a famous person. I think he said so because probably he got some help from music. Music has some strange abilities. Medical scientists have found that a person that feels stressed can actually listen to some kind of music and become well.
The researchers said that since stress comes as a result of life events such as starting a new family, starting a new business, and starting a new job, one can actually listen to good music and feel good because good music touches the human mind in a positive way. Music helps you to forget the life events that make you worried and remember the important events that once happened in your life.
Depression(抑郁) is a disease cause by stress, smoking, social problems and so on. Depression is also caused by problems such as failure in business. Depression may bring us weakness, headache, and loss of concentration. Good music makes one remember happy moments or good days. If you play music about love, it makes you feel like falling in love again though you may have had several upset experiences. And such good feeling make you healthy.
Anxiety(焦虑) is another health problem that can be controlled by music. Anxiety is a side effect of some major health problems such as cancer of the liver and cancer of the breast. Good music makes you feel relaxed and removes the pains from these diseases and you feel all right.
Good music can send you to sleep. And you need to know that sleep puts your body in a healthy condition. Sleep takes away the effects of stress, depression and anxiety from a person.
小题1:According to the famous person in Paragraph 1, music can___________.

A．treat many kinds of diseases

B．help you keep healthy in your mind

C．take the place of medicine in treating illness

D．make you remember things happened in the past

小题2:Good music helps people remove stress mainly by _________.

A．letting people have a good sleep

B．making people think positively

C．showing something new to people

D．making people focus only on important things

小题3:Which of the following is NOT a reason for depression mentioned in the passage?

A．Stress

B．Smoking

C．Failure in business

D．Loss of concentration

小题4:According to the passage, one who has cancer will most probably experience __________.

小题5:Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A．The health benefits of listening to music

B．Stress can bring us many kinds of diseases

C．Some diseases have something to do with music

D．Tips for us to live a healthy and comfortable life

We all laugh. We all hurt. We all make mistakes. We all dream, that’s life. It’s a journey. Please follow these rules to make the journey of your life a journey of joy!　
       positive through the cold season could be your best         against getting ill, new study findings suggest.
In an experiment that         healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a         sunny characteristic were less likely to         ill. The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional style” can help         the common cold and other illnesses.
Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness increasing immune(免疫的) function and subjective as in happy people being less         by a scratchy throat or runny nose. “People with a positive emotional style may have different immune         to the virus,” explained the lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may         their illness as being less severe.”
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a         study that happier people seemed less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional tendency itself had the effect.
For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults with complete standard measures of personality tendency, health-consciousness and emotional “style”. Those who         be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,         those who were often unhappy, tense and unfriendly had a negative style. The researchers gave them drops through their noses         either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days, the         reported on any aches, pains, sneezing they had, while the researchers collected         data, like daily mucus(黏液) production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes(鼻部的不适), happy people were less likely to develop a cold.

Healthy people with stressful jobs who work long hours but get little satisfaction from what they do have twice the risk of dying from heart disease as satisfied employees, according to a study. Job stress has been known to cause heart problems in people who already have cardiovascular disease (心血管病). Finnish scientists have now shown that even in healthy people the pressures of work can take their toll. High blood pressure, lack of exercise, smoking and being overweight contribute to heart disease—a leading killer in many industrialized countries.
But Mika Kivimaki, of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, and his colleagues, who studied the medical histories of 812 healthy Finnish men and women in a metal industry company over 25 years, said job stress also plays an important role.
Workers who had the highest job-related stress levels at the start of the study were more than twice as likely to die of heart disease, according to the study published in The British Medical Journal. Work stress involves too much work as well as a lack of satisfaction and feeling undervalued and unappreciated. Many people work long hours but if the effort is rewarding the stress is minimized.
The British Heart Foundation said the results support earlier research showing that people in jobs with low control, such as manual(体力的) workers, could be as great risk of heart disease than other employees. “ It is advisable for people to try to minimize levels of stress at work and for employees to allow people to have more control at work and to be rewarded for their successes,” the foundation said in a statement.
小题1:Healthy people may die from heart disease of ____________.

A．too much job stress

B．working too hard

C．feeling valued

D．being satisfied

小题2:Which one of the following is NOT right according to this passage?

A．High blood pressure is likely to cause heart disease.

B．Being overweight may cause heart disease.

C．Job stress is most likely to cause heart disease.

D．Working long hours must cause heart disease.

小题3:The underlined word “minimized” in the third paragraph means “_________”.

小题4:The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to _________.

A．advise people not to work long hours

B．suggest that everyone be satisfied with everything

C．ask us to learn to enjoy ourselves

D．tell us that job stress threatens our health nowadays.

Feel tired lately? Has a doctor said he can’t find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital, but all the advanced equipment there shows that there is nothing wrong with you.
　　Then , consider this: you might be in a state of sub - health （亚健康）.
　　Sub - health, also called the third state or gray state, is explained as a borderline state between health and disease.
　　According to the survey by the National Health Organization, Over 45 percent of sub - healthy people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam week.
　　Symptoms （征兆）include a shortage of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia （失眠）and poor memory , Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs.
　　The key to preventing and recovering from sub - health, according to some medical experts, is to form good living habits, ale mate work and rest, exercise regularly, and take part in open air activities.
　　As for meals, people are advised to eat less salt and sugar . They should also eat more fresh vegetables, fruits, fish because they are rich in nutritional elements - vitamins and trace elements - that are important to the body.
　　Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract （消化道）. They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding sub - health.
小题1:When you are in a state of sub - health, you should________.

A．stay home and keep silent

B．go to a doctor and buy some medicine

C．not consider it very serious

D．find out the reasons and relax yourself

小题2:Middle - aged people may be easy to get sub - healthy because________.

A．they have used up their energy

B．they have lost their living hopes

C．they have more pressure in life and work.

D．they have changed their way of life

小题3:The key to preventing you from falling into a state of sub health is to________.

A．keep on working regularly	B．go to sleep a bit earlier
C．form good living habits	D．take medicine if necessary

小题4:As for food, experts suggested that________.

A．we should never eat meat

B．we should have variety of food

C．we should eat less than usual

D．we should have meals without sugar

小题5:The underlined word “alternate” in this passage is closest in meaning to________

A．arrange by turns	B．cause to take place
C．make up for	D．keep away from

If you were on the street in Mexico today you might think you were in an operating room, surrounded by doctors. You could see many concerned people with masks (口罩) trying their best to stop the swine flu (猪流感). And the masks aren’t only being used in Mexico. A friend of mine traveling from New York City to Florida was given a mask and a pair of gloves just after he reached the airport. And another friend went to get a haircut only to be faced with a hairdresser wearing a mask!
But do the masks really work? Is covering your nose and mouth the key to stopping the swine flu? To find out the truth, ABC’s reporter Sharyn Alfonsi talked with germ (细菌) expert Dr. Elaine Larsen. It turns out that when you sneeze (打喷嚏) the air coming out of your mouth at a speed of one hundred miles per hour carries germs which can travel anywhere around you and make people around you infected (被感染).
However, whether you become infected actually depends on the weather. As Sharyn reported, when you sneeze, the germs leave your body in small drops of water coming out of your mouth. If the weather is wet, the wet air will make the small drops bigger and heavier and they drop down towards our feet. If this happens, we won’t become infected. But if the air is dry, those small drops can float higher up, making it possible for them to touch someone else’s nose, mouth or their mask.
Larsen says the masks can stop the germs well but after a few hours, they start to get wet, holding a lot of germs they come across and causing you to breathe them in. The masks do work, but the key to stopping the germs is changing your masks often.
小题1:According to Para.1, in Mexico you can see that ____.

A．the patients are treated in the open air

B．some doctors work in the street

C．people speak little to each other in the street

D．many people wear masks in the street

小题2:According to the passage a patient spreads germs mainly through ____.

小题3:We learn from the passage that on a wet day ____.

A．sick people will be infected

B．germs can spread very far

C．germs spread very quickly

D．few people will be infected

小题4:If you keep wearing a mask for a long time, ____.

A．the mask will be old and worn out

B．you’ll love the feeling of wearing it

C．germs will be kept away from you

D．it will be easy for you to be infected

小题5:What should we pay attention to when wearing masks?

A．Keeping the masks dry.	B．Changing the masks often.
C．Choosing very thick masks.	D．Wearing big masks.

Cutting global warming pollution would not only make the planet healthier, it would make people healthier too, new research suggested.
Cutting carbon dioxide emissions could save millions of lives, mostly by reducing preventable deaths from heart and lung diseases, according to studies released Wednesday and published in a special issue of The Lancet, a British medical journal.
　　"Relying on fossil fuels leads to unhealthy lifestyles, increasing our chances of getting sick and in some cases takes years from our lives," US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said in a telecast briefing from her home state of Kansas. "As greenhouse gas emissions go down, so do deaths from cardiovascular（心血管） and respiratory（呼吸道） diseases. This is not a small effect."
　　Instead of looking at the health ills caused by future global warming, as past studies have done, this research looks at the immediate benefits of doing something about the problem, said Linda Birnbaum, director of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
　　Some possible benefits seemed highly speculative, the researchers conceded, based on people driving less and walking and cycling more. Other proposals studied were more concrete and achievable, such as reducing cook stoves that burn dung（粪便）, charcoal and other polluting fuels in the developing world.
　　And cutting carbon dioxide emissions also makes the air cleaner, reducing lung damage for millions of people, doctors said.
　　"Here are ways you can attack major health problems at the same time as dealing with climate change," said lead author Dr. Paul Wilkinson, an environmental epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
　　Wilkinson said the individual studies came up with numbers of premature deaths prevented or extra years of life added for certain places.
　　For example, switching to low-polluting cars in London and Delhi, India, would save 160 lost years of life in London and nearly 1,700 in Delhi for every million residents, one study found. But if people also drove less and walked or biked more, those extra saved years would soar to more than 7,300 years in London and 12,500 years in Delhi because of less heart disease.
小题1:What does the passage mainly talk about? _______.

A．How can people live longer?

B．Cutting carbon dioxide emissions saves lives.

C．Global warming threatens people’s lives.

D．People should stop relying on fossil fuels.

小题2:The new research differs from past studies in that _______.

A．it focuses on the immediate benefits of cutting carbon dioxide emissions

B．it studies the bad effects arising from future global warming

C．it is believed by more people

D．it mainly targets at developing countries

小题3:According to Kathleen Sebelius, _______.

A．sometimes it takes years to see the bad effects caused by consuming fossil fuels

B．without greenhouse gas emissions, people would not die of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases

C．the main reason why people get sick is that they rely on fossil fuels

D．deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are closely related to greenhouse gas emissions

小题4: Which of the following is the most practical way to cut carbon dioxide emissions according to the passage? _________.

A．Driving less

B．Walking and cycling as much as possible.

C．Stopping using fossil fuels

D．Reducing the use of polluting fuels to cook.

小题5:It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

A．London and Delhi have already benefited from reducing greenhouse gas emissions

B．switching to low-polluting cars would save 160 lives in London each year

C．walking and biking instead of driving will reduce the chance of heart disease

D．attacking health problems and dealing with climate change are contradictory

Is there anything more important than health? I don’t think so. “Health is the greatest wealth，” wise people say. You can’t be good at your studies or work well when you are ill.
If you have a headache, toothache, backache, earache or bad pain in the stomach, if you complain of a bad cough, if you run a high temperature and have a bad cold, or if you suffer from high or low blood pressure, I think you should go to the doctor. The doctor will examine your throat, feel your pulse, test your blood pressure, take your temperature, sound your heart and lungs, test your eyes, check your teeth or have your chest X-rayed. After that, he will advise some treatment, or some medicine. The only thing you have to do is to follow his advice.
Speaking about doctor’s advice, I can’t help telling you a funny story. An old gentleman came to see the doctor. The man was very ill. He told the doctor about his weakness, memory loss and serious problems with his heart and lungs. The doctor examined him and said there was no medicine for his disease. He told his patient to go to a quiet place for a month and have a good rest. He also advised him to eat a lot of meat, drink two glasses of red wine every day and take long walks. In other words, the doctor advised him to follow the rule: “Eat with pleasure, drink with pleasure and enjoy life as it is.” The doctor also said that if the man wanted to be well again, he shouldn’t smoke more than one cigarette a day. A month later the gentleman came into the doctor’s office. He looked cheerful and happy. He thanked the doctor and said that he had never felt a healthier man.“ But you know, doctor,” he said, “it’s not easy to begin smoking at my age.”
小题1:The writer thinks that_____.

A．health is more important than wealth

B．work is as important as studies

C．medicine is more important than pleasure

D．nothing is more important than money

小题2:The doctor usually tells his patient what to do______.

A．without examining the patient	B．after he has examined the patient
C．if the patient doesn’t take medicine	D．unless the patient feels pain

小题3:The underlined part means “______”.

A．he was feeling better than ever	B．he wasn’t a healthy man
C．he was feeling worse than before	D．he will be well again

小题4:From the last sentence of the passage, we learn the man_______ before the doctor told him not to smoke more than one cigarette a day.

A．was a heavy smoker	B．didn’t smoke so much
C．didn’t smoke	D．began to learn to smoke

小题5:Which of the following is NOT true?

A．The doctor usually tests his/her blood pressure when a person is ill.

B．The man told the doctor he couldn’t remember things.

C．The man thanked the doctor.

D．The man didn’t follow the doctor’s advice.

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