题目内容

What is eco-fashion？Eco-fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry. It is a complex phenomenon and the common use of the term covers two aspects of fashion —‘ecological’ and ‘ethical’. Ecological fashion usually refers to textile (织物) and clothing production processes and the environmental issues surrounding them；ethical fashion generally relates to the working conditions involved in the producing processes.

What are the problems with fashion? A closer look at the fashion industry points out many problems that are common practices in the creation of our fashions from the field to the factory. Firstly, the production of textiles pollutes the environment heavily. Cotton-planting uses pesticides；sheep-farming and wool­cleaning contribute to global warming；synthetics-making (人造纤维生产) brings about waste which does harm to our environment. Secondly, every stage of clothing production has a significant effect on the environment. They all use a great deal of energy, and some also involve harmful chemicals. In addition to this, there is a lot of waste produced in the process, especially in the form of polluted water. Thirdly, growing consumption levels and our shopping habits further worsen the bad effects. We are now buying clothes in increasing quantities without realizing the scale on which it affects natural environment, and we are also quick to throw away clothes that have been worn only a couple of times.

Then, how to solve the problems? Other industries that design products are ahead of the fashion industry when it comes to choosing sustainable materials, designing for minimum waste, choosing energy efficient manufacturing and creating products for longevity. The fashion industry has been slow to adopt these changes and part of the problem is the very nature of fashion. To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting sustainable materials and choosing local suppliers，to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand，as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.

There is some concern that eco friendly fashions are just a trend that we will eventually grow tired of but we can make sure that doesn't happen. Now many people are beginning to shop for organic food products because the benefits of eating food free of chemicals are straightforward and immediate. They relate directly to our personal health. In fact, choosing eco-fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.

Why choose eco-fashion?

1.of fashion

Ecological

Textile & clothing production processes; Issues related to2.

Ethical

Working 3. involved

Problems with fashion

Textile 4.

Cotton-planting: use of pesticides;

Sheep-farming & wool-cleaning: global warming;

Synthetics-making: 5. waste

Clothing production

Producing a lot of waste;

Using harmful chemicals;

6. a great deal of energy

Consumption levels & shopping habits

New clothes: bought in increasing quantities

Old clothes: 7. away quickly

8.to problems

Fashion producers

Ways to recycle and9.waste:

Switching to green energy;

Reducing energy use;

Selecting sustainable materials;

Choosing local suppliers

10.

Selecting environmentally friendly clothing

Reducing clothing consumption

Choosing eco-fashion can contribute to our personal health.

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阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

In the past, it took a long time for people to find someone. Nowadays, however, 1. the help of online communities, people can get their search 2. (do) within a short period of time. All they need to do 3. (be) get online and upload a picture of the person they are looking for, or share some basic information about this person. Because of the “footprints” people 4. (leave)

online, other Internet users are usually able to find anyone 5. they are interested in.

One example of this is a man who beat a dog cruelly. His 6. (violent) was recorded and uploaded online. In a very short time, the man was reported to an animal rescue team. In the end, he was punished and made to apologize. 7. example involves a college student who refused 8. (clean) up after her dog on the subway. Netizens revealed her personal information in order to punish her. 9. (wide) blamed for her behavior, this girl left college eventually. Many people thus began to debate 10. a “witch-hunt” like this went to far or not.

While residents of wealthy nations tend to have greater life satisfaction, new research shows that those living in poorer nations report having greater meaning in life.

These findings, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological science, suggest that meaning in life may be higher in poorer nations as a result of greater religiosity (笃信宗教). As countries become richer, religion becomes less central to people’s lives and they lose a sense of meaning in life.

“Thus far, the wealth of nations has been almost always associated with longevity, health, happiness or life satisfaction,” explains psychological scientist Shigehiro Oishi of the University of Virginia. “Given that meaning in life is an important aspect of overall well-being, we wanted to look more carefully at differential patterns, correlates (相关物), and predictors for meaning in life.”

Oishi and colleague Ed Diener of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign investigated life satisfaction, meaning, and well-being by examining data from the 2007 Gallup World Poll, a large-scale survey of over 140,000 participants from 132 countries. In addition to answering a basic life satisfaction question, participants were asked: “Do you feel your life has an important purpose or meaning?” and “Is religion an important part of your daily life?”

The data revealed some unexpected trends: “Among Americans, those who are high in life satisfaction are also high in meaning in life,” says Oishi. “But when we looked at the societal level of analysis, we found a completely different pattern of the association between meaning in life and life satisfaction.”

When looking across many countries, Oishi and Diener found that people in wealthier nations were more educated, had fewer children, and expressed more individualistic attitudes compared to those in poorer countries — all factors that were associated with higher life satisfaction but a significantly lower sense of meaning in life.”

The data suggest that religiosity may play an important role: Residents of wealthier nations, where religiosity is lower, reported less meaning in life and had higher suicide rates than poorer countries.

According to the researchers, religion may provide meaning to life to the extent that it helps people to overcome personal difficulty and cope with the struggles of working to survive in poor economic conditions:

“Religion gives a system that connects daily experiences with the coherent whole (连贯的整体) and a general structure to one’s life … and plays a critical role in constructing meaning out of extreme hardship,” the researchers write.

Oishi and Diener hope to reproduce these findings using more comprehensive measures of meaning and religiosity, and are interested in following countries over time to track whether economic prosperity gives rise to less religiosity and less meaning in life.

1.Which of the following questions couldn’t the participants have answered?

A. Does your life have a purpose or meaning?

B. Do you have relatives living abroad?

C. Are you satisfied with your everyday life?

D. Is religion involved in your daily life?

2.Which of the following statements is true?

A. Those who have higher life satisfaction usually have lower sense of meaning in life.

B. People in wealthier nations were more educated, have fewer children and express less individualistic attitudes compared to those in poorer countries.

C. Religion may provide meaning to life in that people can get strong support from it in face of hardship.

D. Wealthy people are more likely to commit suicide than poor people.

3.What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The poorer a country is, the more religious its people are.

B. Economic prosperity gives rise to less religiosity and less meaning in life.

C. If you want to find meaning in life, you must practice a religion.

D. Meaning in life doesn’t have much to do with the amount of wealth one possesses.

4.The main purpose of the passage is to explain the possible reason why __________.

A. greater life satisfaction leads to lower sense of meaning

B. residents of poorer nations enjoy greater meaning in life

C. residents of poorer nations are so religious

D. residents of wealthy nations have greater life satisfaction

The famous writer often says that he ______ so much without the support and encouragement from his wife.

A. shouldn’t achieve B. shouldn’t have achieved

C. couldn’t achieve D. couldn’t have achieved

Asking them to boycott meetings when others do not agree with their demands is a(n) ________ to a very unhappy life of fighting with other people, ________ them their future happiness.

A. guarantee, having costB. accomplishment, losing

C. invitation, costingD. affection, having lost

When I was about five years old, I used to watch a bird in the skies of southern Alberta from the Blackfoot Blood Reserve in northern Montana where I was born．I loved this bird; I would ________ him for hours. He would ________ effortlessly in that gigantic sky, or he would come down and light on the ________ and float there beautifully．Sometimes when I watched him, he would not make a sound and liked to move ________ into the grasses．We called him meksikatsi, which in the Blackfoot language ________ “pink-colored feet”; meksikatsi and I became very good friends.

The bird had a very particular significance to me ________ I desperately wanted to be able to fly too．I felt very much as if I was the kind of person who had been born into a world where ________ was impossible. And most of the things that I ________ about would not be possible for me but would be possible only for other people．

When I was ten years old, something unexpected ________ my life suddenly. I found myself become an ________ child in a family I was not born into; I found myself in a ________ position that many native Americans find themselves in, living in a city that they do not understand at all, not in another culture but ________ two cultures．

A teacher of the English language told me that meksikatsi was not called meksikatsi, even though that is what ________ people have called that bird for thousands of years．Meksikatsi, he said, was really “duck”．I was very ________ with English．I could not understand it．First of all, the bird did not look like “duck”, and when it made a ________, it did not sound like “duck”, I was even more ________ when I found out that the meaning of the verb “to duck” came from the bird．

As I ________ to understand English better, I understand that it made a great deal of ________, but I never forgot that meksikatsi made a different kind of meaning．I ________ that languages are not just different words for the same things but totally different ________, totally different ways of experiencing and looking at the world．

1.A．keepB．watchC．followD．search

2.A．jumpB．diveC．circleD．wander

3.A．nestB．hillC．waterD．road

4.A．quicklyB．naturallyC．freelyD．quietly

5.A．meansB．readsC．showsD．states

6.A．thoughB．becauseC．whileD．until

7.A．communicationB．imaginationC．beliefD．flight

8.A．dreamedB．worriedC．knewD．argued

9.A．improvedB．enrichedC．changedD．ruined

10.A．educatedB．adoptedC．outgoingD．independent

11.A．weakB．comfortableC．terribleD．central

12.A．betweenB．againstC．withoutD．beyond

13.A．mostB．fewC．theirD．my

14.A．desperateB．bored

C．uncomfortableD．disappointed

15.A．noiseB．callC．decisionD．choice

16.A．ashamedB．confusedC．embarrassedD．frightened

17.A．triedB．cameC．determinedD．expected

18.A．evidenceB．distinctionC．profitD．sense

19.A．identifiedB．confirmedC．realizedD．predicted

20.A．conceptsB．regulationsC．messagesD．evaluations

—Where did you come across your old classmate Jane?

—It was in the supermarket ________ she worked ________ I came across her.

A. where; whenB. that; whenC. that; thatD. where; that

Despite the fact ________ they lacked food, the explorers continued towards the goal.

A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

The year my dad turned 80, my brother and I decided to throw a surprise party for him. The night before, I stayed over at Dad’s house. He was looking forward to the party, but seemed . I knew why. One person couldn’t be at the party—Mom. She had a few years before, and we all missed her so much. God, I prayed, please give Dad a that Mom is watching over him.

Mom and Dad were for each other. He loved her so much; he to save enough money for a before they got married. But it wasn’t their 40th wedding anniversary(纪念日) that Dad finally could to buy a diamond ring. Mom wore it so for so many years—at least until the day she it.

That day she was making jellies(果胶) and didn’t want her ring to get . She removed the ring and it on the windows. When she had finished, she looked for it everywhere but couldn’t find it. At last Mom cried, Dad said the ring wasn’t important and the they had for each other was the most important.

Before going to the I looked around for something to clean my shoes, and found an old cloth bag. Dad saw it. “I meant to throw that old thing a week ago,” he said. I held it in my hand and there’s something there. I reached in. “Dad, look!” I shouted, my find —Mom’s ring.

Dad was very and he took the ring and held it tight (紧紧地). It shone all the party. “Mom’s here with us,” he said.

1. A. up B. down C. out D. in

2.A. got away B. went away C. passed away D. ran away

3.A. letter B. word C. notice D. sign

4.A. perfect B. anxious C. ready D. famous

5.A. tried B. managed C. failed D. succeeded

6.A. gift B. flower C. ring D. car

7.A. before B. after C. until D. when

8.A. afford B. want C. try D. remember

9.A. rarely B. proudly C. awfully D. lively

10.A. sold B. broke C. hid D. lost

11.A. colorful B. wet C. dirty D. terrible

12.A. replaced B. placed C. sent D. set

13.A. and B. or C. so D. but

14.A. love B. money C. children D. house

15.A. church B. party C. cinema D. square

16.A. off B. out C. over D. up

17.A. saw B. imagined C. observed D. felt

18.A. bringing up B. holding up C. setting up D. taking up

19.A. frightened B. excited C. embarrassed D. interested

20.A. at B. of C. over D. through

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