题目内容
16．In manufacturing，cheaper materials are constantly beingsubstituted（替代）for the better，more expensive kind．分析 在制造业，廉价的材料不断被更好更贵的（材料）取代．
解答 substituted．考查被动语态．substitute A for B是英语的固定搭配"用A代替B"，．本句用的是现在进行时的被动语态，所以答案填substituted．
点评 被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变．疑问式和否定式的变化也如此．掌握各种时态的被动语态是解题的关键．
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4．Friendship-Seven Tips on How to Make Friends
Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends．Friendship offers companionship，improves an individual self-worth and promotes good health．However making new friends comes easy for some people but for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage．Below are some helpful tips on how to make and keep friends．
Associate with others．The first step to making friends is associating with other people．Health clubs，places of worship and charities are some places where you can meet new people and build friendship．But attending these places is not enough．You will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member．
Be cheerful．A smile on the face is a sure way to attract new friends．No one wants to keep company with someone who constantly looks upset．
Start a conversation．Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends．Do not wait to be spoken to；you can always start the conversation．Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people regardless of the environment or circumstance．
Stay in touch．For a friendship to grow you need to stay in touch．There are several ways of staying in touch with your friends and these include SMS，phone calls and online social networking sites．
Do things together．Choosing friends with common interest is important in establishing friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together and hanging out will always be a pleasant experience．The less you have in common with your friend the more likely the friendship will not grow．
Let it grow．It is a good thing to stay in touch but try not to choke your new friend with calls，messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and eventually they may not want to be your friend anymore．The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally．
Enjoy your friendship．The best way to enjoy your new friends is to allow them to be themselves．Try not to be critical （挑剔的） of them and try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be．
Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends．Friendship offers companionship，improves an individual self-worth and promotes good health．However making new friends comes easy for some people but for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage．Below are some helpful tips on how to make and keep friends．
Associate with others．The first step to making friends is associating with other people．Health clubs，places of worship and charities are some places where you can meet new people and build friendship．But attending these places is not enough．You will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member．
Be cheerful．A smile on the face is a sure way to attract new friends．No one wants to keep company with someone who constantly looks upset．
Start a conversation．Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends．Do not wait to be spoken to；you can always start the conversation．Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people regardless of the environment or circumstance．
Stay in touch．For a friendship to grow you need to stay in touch．There are several ways of staying in touch with your friends and these include SMS，phone calls and online social networking sites．
Do things together．Choosing friends with common interest is important in establishing friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together and hanging out will always be a pleasant experience．The less you have in common with your friend the more likely the friendship will not grow．
Let it grow．It is a good thing to stay in touch but try not to choke your new friend with calls，messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and eventually they may not want to be your friend anymore．The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally．
Enjoy your friendship．The best way to enjoy your new friends is to allow them to be themselves．Try not to be critical （挑剔的） of them and try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be．
| Theme | Friendship，which has a positive （91）effect/impact/influenceon people's life，is a very important human relationship． |
| （92） Tips/Suggestions/Adviceon making and keeping friends | Be （93）associated/connected/linkedwith people by going to public places．Take an active part in activities to create （94） chancesfor others to know you． |
| Wear a smile all the time to make others willing to get（95）closeto you． | |
| Try to have a conversation with others （96）whateverthe environment is． | |
| Contact your friends in some ways，（97）including/likeSMS，phone calls and online social networking． | |
| Choose friends whose interests are （98）similarto yours，which will bring you pleasant experiences when you do things together． | |
| （99）Avoidcalling or visiting friends too frequently and leave friendships grow naturally． | |
| Remember not to find fault with or （100）changeyour friends，and make them as what they are． |
1．After two months'travelling through Europe，it was finally time for my hu sband，John，and me to return home．With everything got ready and all the baggage（25）C，we boarded a train at Moosach U-Bahn station that would take us straight to Munich International Airport in one hour．It all seemed too easy，as we（26）Athe clearly positioned signs advising passengers travelling to the airport to use the last carriage（车厢）．
As the train made its way through farmland，we relaxed in the knowledge that the journey would be a（27）Done．But after one hour，and the airport nowhere in sight，we started to （28）CRealising we were on the wrong train and close to tears，I wanted to get out at the next country station．At that point，a kind-hearted German lady，who had（29）Aour terrible situation，told us to remain on the train（30）Bwe reached the town of Landshut，which was about 40km from the airport．When we arrived，we got off the train．（31）Dthat we had no much money left，she guided us to an ATM．Af ter that she helped us find the stationmaster．After knowing what had happened to us，the stationmaster told us that a bus to the（32）B was leaving in six minutes and we were just（33）Btime to catch it．With John and me carrying our baggage，the three of us ran to the bus stop where she helped locate the （34）Cbus．
We（35）C reache d the airport 30 minutes before the plane took off．Aboard the plane，we （36）Ddown in our seats and then explained our near （37）Ato the passenger sitting next to us，who smiled and said she also came from Landshut．
We were in such a state that we didn't ask the name of the kind lady we had met on the train．After we arrived home，we wrote to Landshut's local newspaper to express our（38）Bto the unknown lady，without whom we might have got in big trouble on that day．
As the train made its way through farmland，we relaxed in the knowledge that the journey would be a（27）Done．But after one hour，and the airport nowhere in sight，we started to （28）CRealising we were on the wrong train and close to tears，I wanted to get out at the next country station．At that point，a kind-hearted German lady，who had（29）Aour terrible situation，told us to remain on the train（30）Bwe reached the town of Landshut，which was about 40km from the airport．When we arrived，we got off the train．（31）Dthat we had no much money left，she guided us to an ATM．Af ter that she helped us find the stationmaster．After knowing what had happened to us，the stationmaster told us that a bus to the（32）B was leaving in six minutes and we were just（33）Btime to catch it．With John and me carrying our baggage，the three of us ran to the bus stop where she helped locate the （34）Cbus．
We（35）C reache d the airport 30 minutes before the plane took off．Aboard the plane，we （36）Ddown in our seats and then explained our near （37）Ato the passenger sitting next to us，who smiled and said she also came from Landshut．
We were in such a state that we didn't ask the name of the kind lady we had met on the train．After we arrived home，we wrote to Landshut's local newspaper to express our（38）Bto the unknown lady，without whom we might have got in big trouble on that day．
| 25．A．sent | B．bought | C．packed | D．left |
| 26．A．followed | B．made | C．used | D．showed |
| 27．A．single | B．hopeful | C．safe | D．short |
| 28．A．sigh | B．weep | C．panic | D．debate |
| 29．A．noticed | B．faced | C．changed | D．accepted |
| 30．A．when | B．until | C．after | D．since |
| 31．A．Admitting | B．Explaining | C．Expecting | D．Learning |
| 32．A．stage | B．airport | C．station | D．country |
| 33．A．at | B．in | C．beyond | D．behind |
| 34．A．empty | B．new | C．correct | D．last |
| 35．A．truly | B．exactly | C．finally | D．totally |
| 36．A．looked | B．went | C．bent | D．settled |
| 37．A．disaster | B．damage | C．discovery | D．holiday |
| 38．A．ideas | B．thanks | C．wishes | D．supports． |
14．Parents can help their seventh and eighth grade students stand out in and out of their English classroom by introducing them to newspapers．Newspapers not only offer information on current events，but they can also be used to test your child's knowledge of grammar，vocabulary，and more．
Who，What，Where，When，Why，and How
Have your child read the first couple of paragraphs of a news story．Ask them to write down all of the important facts，such as who，what，where，when，why and how．This helps parents to see if their children comprehend the basic facts and information they read．
Grammar
Parents can monitor a child's understanding of grammatical parts of speech （词性） without a grammar textbook．Ask your child to read a paragraph in an article and then list a specific number of nouns，verbs，adjectives，adverbs，pronouns，prepositions and the like，which serves more of a test of their grammatical knowledge．Encourage them to list each of these parts of speech in a paragraph．Then，reread the paragraph to see if they missed anything．
Persuasion
Ask your child to select an advertisement from the newspaper．Have them investigate how specific words or phrases influence their feelings about a particular product．Then，encourage them to create an advertisement of their own for an item they do not like．Tell them not to show their true feelings and try to make people want to buy this unwanted item．After that，ask them to list the persuasive techniques used in their ad．
Facts vs Opinions
Select an editorial for your middle schooler to read．Have your child divide a piece of paper into two columns，one marked fact，and the other marked opinion．Have your student decide which column it fits under．This will help your child better understand facts versus opinions．Another related exercise is responding to an editorial．Encourage your child to write letters to the editor or responses to editorials or other articles．Before your child sends his or her letter，check the opinion section to see what requirements there are．
Headlines and Synonyms （同义词）
Ask your middle schooler to rewrite a couple of headlines using the synonyms of the original words．Compare the headlines．Do the original versions or the rewrites sound better？This is a great exercise to help students learn synonyms and expand their vocabulary．
If you find your seventh or eighth grade child is struggling with these newspaper activities，it may be an indicator that they have fallen behind in their reading skills．These activities were designed with a seventh or eighth grader in mind； therefore，while they are educational，they should be more of reinforcement （增强） instead of a major reading challenge．
Who，What，Where，When，Why，and How
Have your child read the first couple of paragraphs of a news story．Ask them to write down all of the important facts，such as who，what，where，when，why and how．This helps parents to see if their children comprehend the basic facts and information they read．
Grammar
Parents can monitor a child's understanding of grammatical parts of speech （词性） without a grammar textbook．Ask your child to read a paragraph in an article and then list a specific number of nouns，verbs，adjectives，adverbs，pronouns，prepositions and the like，which serves more of a test of their grammatical knowledge．Encourage them to list each of these parts of speech in a paragraph．Then，reread the paragraph to see if they missed anything．
Persuasion
Ask your child to select an advertisement from the newspaper．Have them investigate how specific words or phrases influence their feelings about a particular product．Then，encourage them to create an advertisement of their own for an item they do not like．Tell them not to show their true feelings and try to make people want to buy this unwanted item．After that，ask them to list the persuasive techniques used in their ad．
Facts vs Opinions
Select an editorial for your middle schooler to read．Have your child divide a piece of paper into two columns，one marked fact，and the other marked opinion．Have your student decide which column it fits under．This will help your child better understand facts versus opinions．Another related exercise is responding to an editorial．Encourage your child to write letters to the editor or responses to editorials or other articles．Before your child sends his or her letter，check the opinion section to see what requirements there are．
Headlines and Synonyms （同义词）
Ask your middle schooler to rewrite a couple of headlines using the synonyms of the original words．Compare the headlines．Do the original versions or the rewrites sound better？This is a great exercise to help students learn synonyms and expand their vocabulary．
If you find your seventh or eighth grade child is struggling with these newspaper activities，it may be an indicator that they have fallen behind in their reading skills．These activities were designed with a seventh or eighth grader in mind； therefore，while they are educational，they should be more of reinforcement （增强） instead of a major reading challenge．
| Outline | Supporting details |
| An approach to learning | （71）Introducing students in seventh and eighth grades to newspapers can be helpful in learning English． |
| Newspaper （72）activities | ●Ask students to read the first paragraphs of a news story and write down the important and （73）basic facts to see if they can understand them． ●Have students read an article and list different parts of speech to improve their understanding of （74）grammar． ●Select an ad and ask students to find the persuasive expressions （75）used in it，and then create their own ad for a product they dislike． ●Select an editorial and have students （76）distinguish between facts and opinions．After that encourage them to write a （77）response/reply to an editorial． ●Ask students to write a few synonyms and compare them with the （78）original headlines to help them with their vocabulary expansion． |
| Possible results | ●It may （79）indicate/show that a child is poor at reading if he or she has （80）difficulty/trouble with these activities． ●These activities，designed for special graders，can not be used as a major reading challenge． |
15．I'm trying to break the _______ of getting up too late．（ ）
| A． | tradition | B． | convenience | C． | habit | D． | leisure |