题目内容

Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes(运动员). Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.
　　The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find a flaw (缺陷) in themselves.
　　Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today's youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.
小题1:An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is ______
A．to reduce their mental stress
B．to increase their sense of success
C．to make sports less competitive
D．to make sports more challenging
小题2:According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that ____ .
A．it can help them learn more about society
B．it enables them to find flaws in themselves
C．it can provide them with valuable experiences
D．it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves
小题3:Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes ______ .
A．believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development
B．without realizing criticism may destroy their self confidence
C．in order to make them remember life's lessons
D．so as to put more pressure on them
小题4:According to the passage parents and coaches should _____________ .
A．pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports
B．help children to win every game
C．train children to cope with stress
D．enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports
小题5:The author's purpose in writing the passage is ____________ .
A．to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout
B．to persuade young children not to worry about criticism
C．to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to children
D．to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement

小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:A
小题5:C
本文讲述的是体育活动不仅是对体魄的挑战也是对心里的挑战。批评是没有用的，
小题1:B 文章第一段提到，体育活动不仅是对体魄的挑战，也是对心理的挑战。惯用批评对年轻的运动有害无益。
能给运动员带来身体、感情、心理方面的压力，以致毁坏身心健康放弃曾带来欢愉的活
动。所以防止损害年轻运动员身心健康的有效途径不是C“减少体育的竞技性”；不是D
“增加体育的挑战性”；也不是A，因为只“减轻思想压力”是不够的。而应该像第三段
后面所说，积极鼓励即增强运动员的自信心和成就感。
小题2:C 文章第二段中The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place.此句表示体育活动能为年轻人提供极其有价值的一生都有用的人生经历。故体育对年轻人的积极作用就在于C。
小题3:B 教练及父母习惯于批评年轻的运动员既不是C“使他们记住生活中的教训 ”；不是A“ 认为批评对他们的早期发展有益”，文中未提及父母、教练对批评的看法；也不
是D“给他们施加更大的压力”。故B “未意识到批评会挫伤他们的自信心”正确。这与
第二段末尾两句意思吻合。
小题4:A 作者在第三段开头指出参与体育运动不是孩子的工作或任务，重在参与。比赛结果并不重要，更重要的是通过参与增加人生阅历。所以作者建议教练及父母应鼓励孩子
积极参与 “注意让孩子从体育活动中获得乐趣”。故A最为贴切。
小题5:C 作者写该文目的是告诉人们批评会给孩子造成各方面负担和压力，积极鼓励才会对孩子的成长有益。故“强调积极鼓励对孩子成长的重要性”切题。
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There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see a lot of people sleeping on the bus or train on their way home __小题1:__ work in the evening. A man will be reading the newspaper, and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to eat it. Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him. Another place where __小题2:__ (plan) short sleep goes on is in the lecture hall __小题3:__ a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask __小题4:__ student to shake the sleeper awake. A more _小题5:__ (embarrass) situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and __小题6:__ weight of the head pushes the arm off the desk, and the movement carries the rest of the body along. The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of getting there. The __小题7:_ (bad) time to fall asleep is when driving. Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people fall into sleep and go off the road. __小题8:__ the drivers are lucky, they are not seriously hurt. One woman’s car, for example, went into the river. She woke up in four feet of water and thought that it __小题9:__ (rain). When people are really tired, __小题10:__ will stop them from falling asleep — no matter where they are.
A study led by Professor Mark Weiser of Tel Aviv University and the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer Hospital has determined that young men who smoke are likely to have lower IQs than their non-smoking peers (同龄人). Tracking 18-to 21-year-old men enlisted in the Israeli army in the largest ever study of its kind, he has been able to demonstrate an important connection between the number of cigarettes young males smoke and their IQ.
The average IQ for a non-smoker was about 101, while the smokers’ average was more than seven IQ points lower, at about 94, the study determined. The IQs of young men who smoked more than a pack a day were lower still, at about 90. An IQ score in a healthy population of such young men, with no mental disorders(心理疾病), falls within the range of 84 to 116.
An addiction that doesn’t discriminate(歧视)
“In the health profession, we’ve generally thought that smokers are most likely the kind of people who have grown up in difficult neighborhoods, or who’ve been given less education at good schools,” says Weiser, whose study was reported in a recent version of the journal, Addiction, “But because our study included subjects with various socio-economic backgrounds, we’ve been able to rule out socio-economics as a major factor. The government might want to rethink how it arranges its educational resources on smoking.
Making the results more significant, the study also measured effects in twin brothers. In the case where one twin smoked, the non-smoking twin registered a higher IQ on average.
Although a lower IQ may suggest a greater risk for smoking addiction, the representing data on IQ and smoking found that most of the smokers investigated in the study had IQs within the average range, nevertheless.
In the study, researchers took data from more than 20,000 men before, during and after their time in the military. All men in the study were considered in good health, since pre-screening(筛选的)measures for suitability in the army had already been taken. The researchers found that around 28 percent of their samples smoked one or more cigarettes a day, 3 percent considered themselves ex-smokers, and 68 percent said they never smoked.
“People on the lower end of the average IQ tend to display poorer overall decision-making skills when it comes to their health,” says Weiser. He adds that his finding can help address serious concern among heath counsellors at grade and high schools.
小题1:The study led by Professor Mark Weiser shows that            .
A．the IQ of smoking males is lower than that of non-smokers
B．the IQ of smoking males is higher than that of non-smokers
C．the IQ of smoking males is the same as that of non-smokers
D．the IQ of smoking males is higher than that of female smokers
小题2:According to the passage, a smoking man’s IQ is most likely to be            .
A．101B．94 C．80D．120
小题3:What can be learned from the passage?
A．People in the military are more likely to become smokers than other people.
B．Most heavy smokers are found to have mental problems.
C．Socio-economic backgrounds have nothing to do with smoking behaviour.
D．People with lower IQs tend to be less good at controlling their addiction to smoking.
小题4:What is the meaning of the underlined part “An addiction that doesn’t discriminate”?
A．Smokers do not believe their IQ is affected by being addicted to smoking.
B．All people, no matter what their background, can become addicted to smoking.
C．Smoking is an addiction, and we must not discriminate against smokers.
D．The addiction to smoking is difficult to get rid of.
The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is plagues (瘟疫) that flesh receives. The most widespread fallacy (谬误) of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one.
If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.
　　During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches (战壕) cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds. In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp (奥斯维辛集中营), naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.
　　At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be dipped with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.
　　If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.
　　No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain-killer pills such as aspirin, but all they do is relieve the symptoms.
小题1:How many examples are offered by the writer to support his argument?
A．4 B．5 C．6 D．3
小题2:Which of the following does not agree with the chosen passage?
A．The Eskimos do not suffer from colds all the time.
B．Colds are not caused by cold.
C．People suffer from colds just because they like to stay indoors.
D．A person may catch a cold by touching someone who already has one.
小题3:Arctic explorers may catch colds when _______.
A．they are working in the isolated arctic regions
B．they are writing reports in terribly cold weather
C．they are free from work in the isolated arctic regions
D．they are coming into touch again with the outside world
小题4:Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit _______.
A．suffered a lot B．never caught colds
C．often caught colds D．became very strong
小题5:The passage mainly discusses _______.
A．the experiments on the common colds
B．the fallacy about the common cold
C．the reason and the way people catch colds
D．the continued spread of common colds
Below is some advice on how to prevent cancer:
8 Ways to Avoid Cancer in Your Life
1. Eat Blueberries
Aside from being a healthy and delicious snack, blueberries contain pterostilbene, which has important colon（结肠） cancer-fighting prosperities. But wait, it gets better. Blueberries also offer a large dose of vitamins C (14 milligrams per cup). So at breakfast, try to take in a cup and a half of blueberries in your cereal or yogurt, or mixed with other berries.
2. Drink Pomegranate（石榴）Juice
The deep red juice of the pomegranate contains polyphenols, isoflavones and ellagic acid, which together create a powerful anticancer mixture. Most recently, researchers from the University of Wisconsin at Madison has discovered that 16 ounces of pomegranate juice per day also may inhibit the growth of lung cancer.
3. Relax
Feeling stressed or worried? Find ways to relax and you may reduce your chances of developing cancer. Purdue University researchers tracked 1,600 men over 12 years and found that half of those with high levels of worry died during the study period. Only 20 percent of the optimists died before the study were completed, while 34 percent of the extremely anxious men died of some type of cancer. Instead of stressing about the past or future, focus on the present and relax!
4. Take Selenium（硒）
Selenium is well known for its cancer-fighting properties. In a study of almost 1,000 men, researchers from the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that when men with the lowest initial levels of selenium in their bodies received a daily supplement over a 4 year period, they cut their prostate（前列腺） cancer risk by a remarkable 92 percent. However, it is possible to get too much of a good thing, so monitor your intake of selenium-containing supplements, Brazil nuts, tuna, meats and grains carefully.
5. Eat Sushi（寿司）
Seaweed may not be your idea of a great snack, but it is high in fiber, calcium and iron, and dry, roasted seaweed sheets used in sushi provide the additional benefits of vitamins A and C. Sushi rolls are also high in protein— a typical spicy tuna roll has only 290 calories but packs 24 grams of protein. So don’t skimp（节省）on the Sushi!
6. Enjoy the Outdoors
Vitamin D causes early death of cancer cells. A study published in the American Journey of Clinical Nutrition reported that women who supplemented their diets with 1,000 international. Units of vitamin D every day had a 60 percent to 77 percent lower incidence of cancer ever a four-year period that did women taking a placebo(无效对照剂). Experts recommend supplementing your fun in the sun with 1,100 to 2,000IU of vitamin D each day.
7. Breathe Clean Air
There’s no question that secondhand smoke kills. A recent American Journal of Public Health study showed that nonsmokers working in smoky places had three times the amount of carcinogen（致癌物质） in their urine（尿） than nonsmokers working in smoke-free locations. What’s worse, their levels of the carcinogen rose 6 percent for every hour worked. Nine states have banned smoking in all workplaces, bars and restaurants. The message is clear: Do whatever you can to avoid the cloud of smoke.
8. Break a Sweat
Even a small amount of exercise can offer major cancer-fighting benefits. In a study of 29,110 men published in the International Journal of Cancer, men who exercised just once a week had a percent lower risk of metastasis(转移性) prostate cancer than men who didn’t work out at all. The better the frequency, duration and intensity of the exercise, the bigger the reduction in risk, according to the study.
小题1:To prevent yourself from catching colon cancer, you should eat ____ as often as possible.
A．sushiB．blueberriesC．pomegranatesD．Vitamin D
小题2:A person is very likely to catch some type of cancer if ______.
A．he is very fond of exercise every day.
B．he is addicted to smoking
C．he is always feeling extremely stressed or worried
D．he likes to have meals in restaurants
小题3:_____ will remarkably reduce the risk of men’s prostate cancer.
A．Having a daily supplement of selenium
B．Drinking a cup of pomegranate juice every day
C．Breathing fresh air now and then
D．Taking exercise at least once a week
小题4:If you want to keep cancer away, it is particularly important to ______.
A．have a daily supplement of vitamins B and C
B．try to ignore the secondhand smoking
C．take in as many selenium-containing supplements as possible
D．having exercise as often as possible
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children (MGHfC) have invented a new term that describes dangers associated with cigarette smoke: third-hand smoke. Study results published in January, 2009 discuss how third-hand smoke is especially dangerous for children.
Have you ever walked into a room that had the smell of cigarette smoke, regardless of the fact that a fan was moving the air and no one was smoking at the time? This is what researchers are calling third-hand smoke — and it represents the poisonous deposits (存积物) that are left behind long after a cigarette is put out. 
Cigarette smoke contains gases and small particles that are deposited on every surface it comes in contact with, for example, the smoker’s hair and clothing, or the environment the cigarette was smoked in. It’s dangerous for young children who may crawl on polluted surfaces. Third-hand smoke is a serious health risk for our kids, especially those who live in the homes of smokers.
Jonathan Winickoff, lead author of the study, explains, “When you come into contact with your baby, even if you’re not smoking at the time, he or she comes in contact with those poisons. And if you breast-feed, the poisons will transfer to your baby in your breast milk.” Winickoff adds however, that nursing a baby if you’re a smoker is still a better choice than bottle-feeding.
Researchers involved in the study also surveyed more than 1,500 families in an effort to learn about adult attitudes regarding the danger third-hand smoke represents to their children and how that might affect smoking in the home.
Approximately 95 percent of nonsmokers and 84 percent of smokers believe that secondhand smoke is dangerous for children.
On the issue of whether third-hand smoke threatens the health of children, 65 percent of nonsmokers and 43 percent of smokers felt that third-hand smoke harms kids. When asked about rules regarding smoking in the home, approximately 88 percent of nonsmokers said they don’t allow smoking, while only 27 percent of smokers forbid smoking in the home.
However, both non-smokers and smokers who felt that third-hand smoking was harmful to children’s health were more inclined to (倾向于) restrict smoking in their homes.
小题1:The study led by Jonathan Winickoff focused on _______.
A．bad influences long after a cigarette is smoked
B．third-hand smoke and secondhand smoke
C．the bad effects of smoking on common people
D．the terrible smell of cigarette smoke
小题2:How does the text explain what third-hand smoke is?
A．By telling results of a survey.
B．By giving statistics.
C．By making comparisons.
D．By giving an example.
小题3:The following measures to prevent the effect of third-hand smoke are effective except _______. 
A．keeping kids out of room when you smoke
B．cleaning the house to get rid of poisons
C．making yourself clean before contacting kids
D．trying to forbid smoking in home
Most people agree that it’s important to have a sense of humour. Having the ability to laugh can help one overcome anxiety, and make better decisions in difficult situations. People with a well-developed sense of humour appear to be happier, and some are healthier as well. This suggests that having a sense of humour is good for you. Humourless people may find themselves being treated as a fool, and become anxious and upset.
A sense of humour also plays an important role in human relationships. However, not everyone has a sense of humour. People with developmental disabilities (发展性能力丧失) can sometimes have no sense of humour, or have a very strange one.
A number of factors affect a person’s sense of humour, with the age probably being the main one. Young children are often highly amused by simple jokes or shows, while teenagers prefer to enjoy the ironic (讽刺的) events. Educational level, culture, and religious faith also affect one’s sense of humour. While Christians, for example, may have a deep appreciation of jokes about the Bible, others may find them disrespectful.
Many people believe that a sense of humour is something that develops on its own, and that you cannot teach someone to understand why jokes, certain comments, situations or events are funny. However, things can be done to enhance one’s sense of humour. Children, for example, benefit from being told jokes and encouraged to laugh, although some children’s jokes might seem rather strange to adults. If you have children, try to encourage them to tell jokes and think about what makes things funny. And it will help them develop a sense of humour.
小题1:The purpose of the passage is to _______.
A．explain what influences a person’s sense of humour
B．tell readers the importance of being healthy
C．explain how to make better decisions
D．tell readers how to understand jokes
小题2:What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 "enhance" probably mean?
A．Enjoy.B．Reduce.C．Improve.D．Prevent.
小题3:According to the passage, which of the following doesn’t influence one’s sense of humour?
A．Culture.B．Age.
C．Educational level.D．Family backgrounds.
In the face of tragedy(悲剧), you must of course let yourself feel: Cry without holding back, tremble with fear, yell out in anger, accept and follow your feelings. This is part of the wise approach to tragedy: The Upward Path – the feeling of emotions(情感), the acceptance of them, and the coupling of the emotional mind with wisdom. Along this path, you’ll take the experience – no matter how sad or upsetting – as a learning event, just as all other points on your journey will prove to be. While tragic, you must recognize this is still a chance for all involved to grow. You should let both sadness and joy, fear and courage, dark and light fill your world, and learn to find your steady, calm center in the midst of the opposing forces. This is the Upward Path. Use the event as a chance to gain balance and discover wisdom – the wisdom of love and of letting go, of non-attachment and non-resistance, and using this experience to eventually help others in need of guidance.
Being able to relate to others who have also experienced tragedy and inspire in them hope – of recovery, and of moving forward – is perhaps the greatest gift you can receive from tragedy. Turn the negative into positive, the pain into connection. After you’ve taken appropriate time to be sad, to feel your own pain, you should make it your work, your goal, your purpose to connect with others who need help. Show them how you’ve experienced feelings, achieved balance, and gained wisdom that you would never have otherwise had the chance to learn.
Feel, but do not Feed on tragedy. Rather, let it inspire you to go beyond the person who you were before. With demise comes renewal, so let this loss be also your rebirth. No matter how hopeless it seems, no matter how difficult this becomes, you have the power to transform yourself into someone greater than you ever knew you could be. 
小题1:When following the Upward Path, the person facing tragedy should _______.
A．free his emotions
B．hold back all his feelings
C．fill his world with positive ideas
D．give in to tragedy and all opposing forces
小题2:According to the author, the greatest gift one gets from tragedy is being able to _______.
A．seek solutions from othersB．understand and help others
C．stay calm and resist changeD．forgive others and move on
小题3:The underlined word “demise” in the last paragraph probably means _______.
A．sorrowB．problemC．difficultyD．death
小题4:The purpose of the passage is to _______.
A．analyze the causes of tragedy
B．tell people how to prevent tragedy
C．suggest a way of dealing with tragedy
D．encourage people to build friendship after tragedy
For centuries, the body's blood has been linked closely with the emotions．People who show no human emotions or feelings, are said to be cold-blooded killer．For example, the police are searching for a cold-blooded killer．He seems to kill for no reason, and no emotion, as if taking someone's life as nothing．
Cold can affect other parts of the body．The expression "get cold feet" has nothing to do with cold or your feet．The expression means being afraid to do something you have decided to do．For example, you agree to be president of an organization．But then you learn that all the other officers have resigned, and all the work of the organizations will be your responsibility．You are likely to get cold feet about being president when you understand the situation.
The expression "give someone the cold shoulder" probably comes from the physical act of turning your back toward someone, instead of speaking to him face to face．You may give a cold shoulder to a friend who has not kept a promise he made to you．Or, to someone who has lied about you to others.
A cold fish is not a fish．It is a person．But it is a person who is unfriendly, unemotional and shows no love or warmth．A cold fish does not offer much of himself to anyone．Someone who is a cold fish could be cold-hearted．Now a cold-hearted person is someone who has no sympathy．Several popular songs in recent years were about cold-hearted men or cold-hearted women who, without feelings, broke the hearts of their lovers.
"Out in the cold" means not getting something that everybody else got．A person might say that everybody but him got a pay raise——he was left out in the cold．And it is not a pleasant place to be.
小题1:When you refuse to speak to a man and treat him in a distant way, you may express by "_____"．
A．I give him the cold shoulderB．I think he is a cold-blooded man
C．I think he is a cold fishD．I'm likely to get cold feet
小题2:If Sue shows absolutely no reaction to those awful pictures of starving children in Africa, you will say ______．
A．she is a cold-blooded killerB．she gets cold feet
C．she is a cold fishD．she is out in the cold
小题3:We can use the expression "_____" to describe a man who abandons or hurts his lover without mercy．
A．cold-bloodedB．cold shoulder C．cold feetD．cold-hearted
小题4:The topic of this passage is about _____．
A．the relationship between cold and our bodyB．some expressions about friendship
C．some expressions connected with coldD．how cold weather comes into being

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