题目内容

Joe just wanted to play a joke on her. He did not mean ____ Sarah.

A. hurting B. to hurt

C. hurt D. hurts

 

B

【解析】

试题分析:考查固定用法。句意:Joe只是想跟她开个玩笑,他无意去伤害Sarah。mean to do sth打算/意图做某事;mean doing sth意味着做某事。根据句意可知,这里是“意图、打算”的意思,故选B。

考点:考查固定用法

 

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Studies have documented that smiling is a universal and effective way to lift mood. But in the latest research on the power of the smile, researchers led by Marcus Munafo of the University of Bristol in England found that even seeing smiles on the faces of others can have a profound effect on a person's tendency toward violence or aggression — that is, as long as that person recognizes the smile as one of happiness, and not as a sneer (讥笑).

Munafo and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments involving normal adults and highly aggressive teens referred to a youth program, either by educational authorities or the courts. About 70% of the teens already had a criminal record.

In the first experiment, 40 healthy adults, aged 18?30, looked at facial expressions on the computer ranging from happy to angry with increasingly difficult ones to discern in between. Participants were asked how angry they felt and then had to rate the images as displaying either happiness or anger — there was no option for “unclear” or “unable to tell”. From these ratings, the scientists could generate a score of their preference toward happiness or anger.

Previous research found that aggressive people — including violent offenders — tend to consider even a common expression as an unfriendly one. “You looking at me?” can easily turn a simple question into a tragic fight.

Based on their original scores, half of the participants were then told by the computer that some of the unclear faces that they had rated as angry should have been scored as happy. This was intended to guide them toward judging the in?between faces more positively. The other 20 received feedback that simply proved their first choices, creating a control group.

After this training, both groups were tested again and the group that received the biased (有偏见的) feedback shifted its ratings of unclear faces toward the happy side. Participants were also asked to rate their level of angry feelings again after completing the second round of testing. Those who were trained to consider unclear faces as happier reported feeling less angry afterward.

The researchers next focused on the 46 adolescents from the high risk youth program. These teens completed the same testing, but both the youth and the staff reported on the teens' levels of aggressive behavior before the testing started and for two weeks afterward. The teens trained to interpret unclear facial expressions more positively were significantly less aggressive two weeks later.

“The results of our experiments strongly suggest that the understanding of emotional facial expressions plays a causal role in subjective anger and aggressive behavior,”the authors conclude.

That doesn't mean that smiles alone are the answer to violence among adolescents — previous research in which anti?social youth were trained to better recognize emotions, for example, did not have any effect on their level of aggressive behavior. But this earlier study focused on improving teens' understanding of clear facial signals, not unclear ones. Since unclear signals are more likely to be misunderstood, it may be that violent behavior in some youth exists with their constant misunderstanding of angry expressions where they don't exist, which push them to aggressive responses. The findings suggest that helping young people, particularly those easy to be violent, to learn to give others the benefit of the doubt when they see what they think is a threatening face could help end the vicious (恶性的) cycle of violence.

1.The underlined word “discern” (Paragraph 3) means ________.

A.display obviously B.identify clearly

C.describe correctly D.value properly

2.According to Munafo's research, the anger and violent behavior in some youths resulted from ____.

A.their misunderstanding of facial emotions of others

B.their lack in knowledge of emotion recognition

C.their in?born tendency toward violence or aggression

D.their experience of being offended by others on purpose

3.The method Munafo and his colleagues used in their research is ________.

A.field investigation

B.case study

C.observation and analysis

D.experiment and comparison

4.What happens to the participants after receiving certain feedbacks?

A.They can interpret unclear facial expressions.

B.They put an end to their aggressive behavior.

C.They tend to judge the in?between faces positively.

D.It makes no difference in their level of aggressive behavior.

5.Which of the following will Munafo and his group probably agree with?

A.Just smile as much as possible.

B.Misunderstanding is the root of violence.

C.Seeing smiles can lower aggression.

D.Control our anger to avoid violence and aggression.

 

The other day, my friend Jane was invited to a 40th birthday party. The time printed on the invitation was 7.30pm. Jane went off with her husband, expecting a merry evening of wine, food, and song.

By 9.45, everybody was having great fun, but no food had appeared. Jane and David were restless. Other guests began whispering that they, too, were starving. But no one wanted to leave, just in case some food was about to appear. By 11.00, there was still no food, and everyone was completely off their heads. Jane and David left hungry and angry.

Their experience suggests that the words on the printed invitations need to be made clearer. Everyone reads and understands the invitations differently. Most of us would agree that 6.30-8.30pm means drinks only, go out to dinner afterwards; 8.00pm or 8.30pm means possible dinner, but 9.30pm and any time thereafter means no food, eat beforehand, roll up late.

But this is not always the case. If asked to a students' party at 6.30pm, it is normal for guests not to appear before midnight, if at all, and no one cares. Being the first to arrive-looking eager-is social death. When my mother is asked to a party for 6.30, she likes to be there, if not on time, then no later than seven. My age group(late thirties) falls somewhere between the two, but because we still think we're young, we're probably closer to student-time than grown-up time.

The accepted custom at present is confusing(混乱的), sometimes annoying, and it often means you may go home hungry, but it does lend every party that precious element(成分) of surprise.

1.The underlined words "off their heads" probably mean______.

A. tired B. crazy

C. curious D. hopeless

2.Jane and David' s story is used to show that______ .

A. petty-goer8 usually get hungry at parties

B. party invitations can be confusing

C. people should ask for food at parties

D. birthday parties for middle-aged people are dull

3.For some young people, arriving on time for a students' party will probably be considered_______.

A. very difficult

B. particularly thoughtful

C. friendly and polite

D. socially unacceptable

4.According to the writer, people in their late thirties_______.

A. are likely to arrive late for a party

B. care little about the party time

C. haven' t really grown up yet

D. like surprises at parties

5.What is the general idea of the text?

A. It' s safe to arrive late just when food is served.

B. It' s wise to eat something before going to a party.

C. It' s important to follow social rules of party-going.

D. It' s necessary to read invitations carefully.

 

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