题目内容

1.Call it the learning paradox:the more you struggle and even fail while you're trying to learn new information,the better you're likely to recall and apply that information later.
The learning paradox is at the heart of"productive failure,"a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on,until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense,it may not be the best way to promote learning.Rather,it's better to let the learners wrestle with the material on their own for a while,refraining from giving them any assistance at the start.In a paper published recently,Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools.
With one group of students,the teacher provided strong"scaffolding"--instructional support and feedback.With the teacher's help,these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems.Meanwhile,a second group was directed to solve the same problems by cooperating with one another,without any prompts from their instructor.These students weren't able to complete the problems correctly.But in the course of trying to do so,they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about what potential solutions would look like.And when the two groups were tested on what they'd learned the second group"significantly outperformed"the first.
The apparent struggles of the floundering (挣扎的) group have what Kapur calls a"hidden efficacy":they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems,not simply their correct solutions.When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test,they're able to transfer the knowledge they've gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of someone else's expertise.
In the real world,problems rarely come neatly packaged,so being able to discern their deep structure is key.But,Kapur notes,none of us like to fail,no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise the beneficial effects of an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and burns.So we need to"design for productive failure"by building it into the learning process,Kapur has identified three conditions that promote this kind of beneficial struggle.First,choose problems to work on that"challenge but do not frustrate."Second,provide learners with opportunities to explain and elaborate on what they're doing.Third,give learners the chance to compare and contrast good and bad solutions to the problems.And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style:you'll thank me later.

61.Why does the author call the learning process a paradox?C
A.Pains do not necessarily lead to gains.
B.What is learned is rarely applicable in life.
C.Failure more often than not feeds success.
D.The more is taught,the less is learned.
62.What does Kapur disapprove of in teaching?C
A.Asking students to find and solve problems on their own.
B.Developing students'ability to apply what they learn.
C.Giving students detailed guidance and instruction.
D.Allowing students a free hand in problem solving.
63.What do people tend to think of providing strong scaffolding in teaching?B
A.It will make teaching easier.
B.It is a sensible way of teaching.
C.It can motivate(激发) average students.
D.It will build up students'confidence.
64.What kind of problem should be given to students to solve according to Kapur?D
A.It should be able to encourage cooperative learning.
B.It should be easy enough so as not to frustrate students.
C.It should be solvable by average students with ease.
D.It should be difficult enough but still within their reach.
65.What can be expected of this tough-love teaching style?A
A.Students will be grateful in the long term.
B.Teachers will meet with a lot of resistance.
C.Parents will think it too harsh on their kids.
D.It may not be able to yield the desired results.

分析 本文是一篇科教类阅读,主要介绍了学习悖论的一些研究及如何设计"富有成效的失败".

解答 61-65 CCBDA 
61题答案:C事实细节题.文章第一段提到,在试图学习新信息时.努力挣扎甚至失败越多,日后就越有可能回忆起并应用这些信息.由此可知,失败通常会孕育成功,故答案为C.
62题答案:C考查细节推理,根据第二段The learning paradox is at the heart of"productive failure,"a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on,until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense,it may not be the best way to promote learning. Kapur指出,很多老师学生井述新知识时,最开始都会给予学生大量的周密安排和指导直到学生能独立完成.虽然这种模式从廣观上看似乎有道理,但并不是促进学习最好的方式.由此可知,Kapur不赞成给予学生详细的指导,故答案为C.
 63题答案:B考查细节推理,第三段前两句指出,老师为第一组学生提供了强有力的"支架"--教学支持一和反馈.这些学生在老师的帮助下都能够找到他们问题的答案.同时根据第二段第二句可知.很多老师向学生讲述新知识时.最开始都会给予学生大量的周密安排和指导,直到学生能独立 完成,这种模式从直观上看似乎有道理,由此可知,第二段第二句提到的这种教学方法即为"支架式教学",大多数人认为这是一种合理的教学方 式,故答案为B.
 64题答案:D考查细节推理,根据第五段第五句 First,choose problems to work on that"challenge but do not frustrate."首先,选择解决那些"既有挑战性,又不会令人沮丧"的问题.由此可知,Kapur认为应选择那些足够难,但却在学生能力范围内的问题,故答案为D.
 65题答案:A考查细节推理,根据第五段最后一句And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style:you'll thank me later.给那些抗议这种恩威并施的教学方式的学习者一句话:你们以 后会感谢我的.由此可知,从长远来看,学生会感激这种恩威并施的教学方式,故答案为A.

点评 本文是一篇科教类阅读,题目涉及多道细节理解题,做题时结合原文和题目有针对 性找出相关语句进行仔细分析,结合选项选出正确答案.推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案.

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32.Which of the following words can replace"be clueless about"in Paragraph 2?C
A.be familiar with            
B.be curious about
C.fail to understand      
D.show their interest in
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A.at least 25miles     
B.more than 25miles
C.less than 25miles     
D.as far as 25miles
34.In the author's opinion,compared with cars using gas,electric cars are moreB.
A expensive.
B.harmful
C.efficient 
D.environmentally-friendly
35.It can be inferred from the passage thatD.
A.electric cars'batteries are no longer poisonous in the landfill
B.now electric cars are used more than their gasoline-powered cousins
C.zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment
D.electric cars are not clean since we get electricity mainly by burning something.
6.Teachers and parents usually call attention to the pictures when they read storybooks to preschool child.But a new study suggests that calling attention to the words and letters on the page may lead to better readers.
The two-year study compared children who were read in this way in class with children who were not.Those whose teachers most often discussed the print showed clearly higher skills in reading,spelling and understanding.These results were found one year and even two years later.
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56.What do we know about the ways preschool children are usually taught?B
A.Preference is given to the shape of the letters and the organization of the print.
B.More attention is paid to the picture,with words and letters being ignored.
C.The focus of the teaching is on bringing them up to be good readers.
D.Equal attention is paid to the texts and the pictures.
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A.read storybooks regularly in class.
B.learn to manage their class well
C.often discuss the printed words and letters  
D.search for a better method of reading
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A.very poor in their reading          
B.mostly cleverer than others
C.especially good at language skills   
D.worried about reading problems
59.Which of the following is TRUE about the study on language skills of preschool children?D
A.Many teachers want to change their way of teaching preschool children.
B.Attention of the pictures has made the children uninterested in reading.
C.Teachers are often prevented from taking different approaches to language teaching.
D.Project STAR aims to research into the results of reading books to preschool children in the classro om.
60.The last paragraph mainly tells usC.
A.why we should discuss the meaning of the print 
B.the shape of the letter is the focus of teaching
C.how we can teach children about print   
D.English words are usually written from left to right.
13.If you thought it was cold where you are at the moment,then a visit to the Russian village of Oymyakon might change your mind.
With the average temperature for January of 2013standing at-50℃,it's no wonder that the village is the coldest place in the world with people always living.The coldest ever temperature recorded in Oymyakon was-71.2℃.And despite its terrible winters,in June,July and August temperatures over 30℃are not uncommon.
In Oymyakon most homes still burn coal and wood for heat.Nothing grows there so people eat reindeer(驯鹿) meat and horse meat.The local people work as reindeer-keepers,hunters and ice-fishermen.Here there is a single shop and there is only a school,which only shuts if temperatures fall below-52℃.
There are few modern conveniences in the village.Many buildings still have outdoor toilets.When coal deliveries are irregular,the power station starts burning wood.If the power stops,the town shuts down in about five hours,and the pipes freeze and break.
What troubles people living in Oymyakon in their everyday life includes pen ink freezing,and glasses freezing to people's faces.Locals are said to leave their cars running all day for fear of not being able to start them again.Another problem caused by the cold temperatures is burying dead bodies.The earth must first have thawed(解冻) enough in order to dig it,so a fire is lit for several hours.Hot coals are then pushed to the side and a several-inch-deep hole is dug.The process is repeated for several days until the hole is deep enough to bury the coffin(棺材).
Travel companies offer tourists the chance to visit the village and experience life in the freezing conditions.

60.What's the author's purpose in writing the first paragraph?C
A.To state how unique the village Oymyakon is.
B.To compare different ideas on coldness.
C.To lead in the topic for discussion.
D.To advertise for tourists to Oymyakon.
61.According to the passage,Oymyakon is a village whereA.
A.temperatures vary greatly from season to season
B.people enjoy comfortable living conditions
C.people can enjoy many modern conveniences
D.the lowest temperature in history was recorded in 2013
62.What can we know about the local people of Oymyakon?B
A.Horse meat is their favorite food.
B.Coal and wood are still their main fuels.
C.They don't have tourists in cold months.
D.They don't drive when it is freezing cold.
63.What does Paragraph 5mainly talk about?D
A.The lifestyle of the local people in Oymyakon.
B.The customs of burying dead bodies in Oymyakon.
C.Local people's ways of dealing with their daily problems.
D.Daily problems caused by coldness in Oymyakon.
10.The truth was written all over her face.The eyes are the window to the soul.From those sayings,you would think that we could read faces.In fact,people tend to overestimate their ability to do it.
Most of us can't distinguish between certain expressions without contextual clues.In one study,participants were unable to tell whether faces in photos were showing pain or pleasure about a quarter of the time.In another,when people watched silent videos of the same person experiencing pain and faking pain,they couldn't tell which was which.
And yet,as bad as we are at reading expressions,we jump to all kinds of conclusions based on people's faces.We might scoff at the ancient physiognomy-assessing character on the basis of facial feature-but we unknowingly practice it daily.Recent research shows that while there's practically no evidence that faces reveal character,we nonetheless behave as if certain features signal certain traits.People with typically"female"facial features seem more trustworthy; those with lower eyebrows appear more controlling.In another study,people were ready to decide whether an unfamiliar face should be trusted after looking at it for just 200 milliseconds.Even when given a chance to look longer,they rarely changed their mind.
Such judgments can defy logic.Subjects playing a trust game invested more money with a player who had a trustworthy face than with one who didn't-even when the two players had the same fame.Another study reported that judges needed less evidence to sentence a person with an untrustworthy face.And a researcher focusing on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict found that a Palestinian peace offering was more likely to be accepted by Jewish Israeli if it was attributed to a politician with"babyfacedness".
Which brings us to a contradiction?A person's face may not reflect her nature,and yet research finds that specific facial features do seem to influence futures.U.S.Army War College graduates with controlling-looking faces are more likely than their peers to become generals; people with obvious cheekbones,appearing strong and  competent,are more likely to become CEOs of successful companies.This makes a certain sense.If everyone assumes strong-chinned Daniel is an ambitious person,he's more likely to become one.Perhaps by treating others as though their face reveals their character,we motivate them to become the people we assume them to be.
55.Miss Green wants to find a pet shop for her dog while she is on holiday.She is most likely to choose the shop's owner withB.
A.a strong chin                    
B."female"facial features
C.low eyebrows                 
D.obvious cheekbones
56.Which of the following is TRUE according to the author?A
A.People rush to judgments based on facial features.
B.People are better at telling"pain"than"delight"from faces.
C.People consider it instructive to study the ancient physiognomy.
D.People would change their first impression if given more chances.
57.In Paragraph 4,the examples are used to showD.
A.facial features reveal minds
B.trust is essential in big issues
C.baby faces are more trustworthy
D.decisions are easily in fluenced by faces
58.According to the last paragraph,the author believesD.
A.facial features mirror character
B.people's behavior is contradictory
C.people won't be judged by appearance
D.facial features can influence eventual character.
11.A boy and a girl were a couple of lovers.The girl liked feeling rain,so the boy was always holding the umbrella when it rained and most part of the umbrella was over the girl.Rain showered the boy every time but he said nothing except looked at the gift's face,which was full of silent satisfaction.He felt very happy,so did the girl.
One day they went out for a walk.They were walking hand in hand passing a building which was under construction.The girl jumped with excitement and said something.The boy seldom talked only feeling excited as she felt looking at her silently.When the girl was talking,a not big or small stone fell down from the building toward the girl's head!At that moment the boy took the girl in his arms so suddenly and so strongly that the girl let out a scream.He meant to protect the gift with his body.But the boy turned over to make his own body downward before they dropped on the ground.As a result,only the girl's hand was smashed(粉碎的) by the stone and fractured.
The girl came back to earth and cried with pain,tears weeping up.She thought the saying that"The husband and the wife are birds in the same forest essentially,but when serious tragedy comes,they will fly separately"was really not wrong!With this,she straggled and stood up from the boy's body keeping from the pains and slowly ran away without glancing at the boy.
At the time,the boy was calling the girl's name in a weak voice,his lips were already white.He took out his mobile phone and dialed the girl's number,but the girl didn't answer.He dialed again she didn't answer again.For several times,he gave up.But his fingers pressed something on the mobile.At that time,beside the boy,the blood spread slowly,his hand hung and the mobile phone lay in the blood,he had no strength to press the"SENT"key yet.
The next day,when the girl heard of the news that the boy was being rescued,she ran to the hospital without considering her anger.When she hurried to the hospital,the doctor had already declared his death; the cause of his death was that his lung had lost too much blood.It was because,when the boy meant to protect the girl with his body he found that there was a steel stick(钢筋)under them,so he turned over to make it inset(=put into) his own body.
The boy's mother passed the boy's mobile phone on to the girl.The girl read the message that hadn't been sent:"Honey,I'm sorry,I still couldn't protect you and made you wound…"Upon this,the girl couldn't help crying…
Please treasure the one you love and believe his or her LOVE!
64.The girl didn't want to answer the boy's'call becauseB.
A.she didn't hear it              
B.she was angry with him
C.she was seriously hurt      
D.she had her phone broken
65.Which of the following words may best describe the boy's behavior?C
A.rough and selfish              
B.brave and handsome
C.gentle and devoted            
D.intelligent but silly
66.From the passage we can conclude thatA
A.trust is important between lovers      
B.love is happy and love is pain
C.one should express his love in time    
D.one should love a person who is brave.

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