Novel is typically written in a narrative (叙事) style and presented as a book. Novels tell stories, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. It remains an essential part of the literary cultures of nearly all societies around the world.

Novella is classified as “Too short to be a novel,too long to be a short story”. There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count. Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits, which vary according to their particular intentions.

A short story is different from novels or novellas in that the plot is usually tied to one single chain of events. Because the reader must identify with a character quickly to become engaged, the tale is often told from the chief character’s point of view.

A drama refers to a play for the theatre,television or radio. It generally consists of chiefly dialogue between characters. It also uses dance to convey their message. Dramas usually aim at dramatic performance rather than at reading. In theater, a drama is presented by actors to an audience.

Good literary works depend on literary techniques. A literary technique can be used by authors in order to improve the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects.

Literary techniques include a wide range of approaches to crafting a work. The ability to let readers know what might happen in the future in an indirect way is possible through the technique foreshadowing. The practice of representing objects and qualities as human beings in literature is personification. Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas.

Literature

Definitions of literature

Definitions of literature have kept 1.all the time.

They are connected with 2.

Among them are “books and writing”, “ ‘imaginative’ literature” and “written or spoken material”.

3.▲of literature

Poetry, with rhyme, uses unusual word order in lines, which may be a barrier to see what it 4.

A novel takes the form of a book, talking about what is 5._up by the writer.

The novella, as for length, exists 6.the novel and short story.

A short story tells a comparatively 7.story compared with novels and novellas.

Dramas are performed rather than read, with the ideas expressed either orally or 8..

Literary techniques

Give a warning or sign of a 9.event by using the technique called foreshadowing.

When personification is used, something without 10.is treated as if it were a human being.

Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols.

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.1.According to a recent research, the most common argument between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks.2.On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for dropping the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room.

The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different approaches to these problems.3.For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but later clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s behavior. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the thrills of their actions can do better.4. Parents should talk to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say.5.It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.

A. On the one hand, parents go mad over messy rooms.

B. There are many reasons for this.

C. Then again, teenagers have similar feelings about their parents.

D. Communication is a two-way process.

E. However, some approaches are more successful than others.

F. Psychologists say that communication is the most important thing in parent-child relationships.

G. It is better for children and parents to understand each other.

“Beauty is only skin deep." This expression means that beauty is only a temporary surface quality. Some beauty products can cause lasting damage that goes far below the surface of the skin.

In America,many people use sunlight and non-natural light to darken their skin. Health

experts advise against what is called“tanning”because of its links to akin cancer. In the African country of Senegal(塞内加尔),some women take health risks trying to do just the opposite.

An average beauty supply shop in Dakar has many kinds of skin-lightening creams and

soaps. The World Health Organization says that 25%of Senegalese women use skin-lightening production a usual basis. These products can contain chemicals,like mercury(汞), hydroquinone(对苯二酚),etc. These are dangerous ingredients that can cause cancer and possibly other physical damage to the akin. They can actually burn the eyes and skin.

Shop worker Adama Diagne advises her visitors to avoid the stronger products that promise fast results. She users a cream that is made from carrots,not the strong chemical,hydroquinone. She says that it is a personal choice and that no one pressures her. Some women want to be black every day,but for her,she likes to be a shade of brown. Women in Senegal say they lighten their skin for the same reason that women all over the world make changes to their appearance. They say they want to look beautiful,to find a husband, to stand out in a crowd or simply to look great for a special event.

This thinking troubles Senegalese film-maker Khardiata Pouye Sall. So,she made“This

Color That Bothers Me",a film about the subject of skin lightening. She said,“I used the most shocking images so that women would see the dangers. It is hard to understand why a woman says that dark skin is not beautiful. It is in their heads. They want to please a man,to he loved or they want to please society,to succeed."

Ms. Sall says that the government needs to better control the marketing and the sale of skin-lightening products. But she adds that education is the best way to persuade people against using them.

1.The underlined part“the opposite" in Paragraph 2 means some Senegalese women

A. use sunlight to darken their skin

B. try creams to prevent skin cancer

C. use products to lighten their skin

D. take health risks to become beautiful

2.According to Adama Diagne,women shouldn't believe ·

A. beauty is just a personal choice

B. a cream from carrots is healthier

C. it is beautiful to be black every day

D. a product can make you beautiful quickly

3.We can infer that women in Senegal

A. attract attention with shockingimages

B. don't consider dark skin to be beautiful

C. find it hard to understand the true beauty

D. put beauty in the first place in their heads

4.What is Sall's attitude towards skin-lightening products?

A. Unsupportive. B.Casual.

C. Responsible. D. Positive.

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Many of us have characteristics that come from our families. Maybe we have our father’s eyes or our grandmother’s hair color. But there are still other elements of our personalities such as and viewpoints that we pick up by our parents. Perhaps we have picked up our mother’s love of cleaning or our dad’s of humor.

The researchers at the University of Michigan there are usually three kinds of people from their .

The first kind of people are the job-oriented (以求职为目的的) people who to regard a job as simply a way to make money. They to working day after day and don’t think it for them to do anything else. If you have a job-oriented father, you may view work this way. However, you will not hold this viewpoint if you grow up close to your job-oriented mother.

The second are the career-oriented people who see their job as a place to gain . These are the people who don’t working overtime. In fact, some people love their jobs so much that they are feeling more comfortable in the than at home. They are always to make progress in their work. Being close to a career-oriented father means you’ll carry on your father’s. enough, having a mother with this viewpoint seems to have little .

The third are the calling-oriented people who consider their job as a way to have a effect on the world. They are more about improving the world around them than earning a large salary. In the study, those people came from homes where both parents had . This suggests that adolescents need the of both parents in order to have the confidence.

Such as it is, we still have our to find a career that suits us.

1.A. operations B. insurances C. behaviors D. institutions

2.A. inviting B. nursing C. protecting D. modeling

3.A. pride B. sense C. value D. scene

4.A. warn B. learn C. wonder D. hope

5.A. study B. hall C. university D. department

6.A. attempt B. manage C. tend D. offer

7.A. pay no attention B. are opposed C. look forward D. are blind

8.A. puzzling B. interesting C. surprising D. frightening

9.A. frequently B. constantly C. probably D. patiently

10.A. explanations B. expressions C. directions D. achievements

11.A. mind B. enjoy C. finish D. consider

12.A. garden B. office C. cinema D. club

13.A. sad B. curious C. proud D. afraid

14.A. Worriedly B. Secretly C. Carefully D. Strangely

15.A. influence B. evidence C. performance D. justice

16.A. bad B. side C. harmful D. positive

17.A. disappointed B. concerned C. tired D. difficult

18.A. time B. wealth C. ability D. profit

19.A. money B. reputation C. support D. conclusion

20.A. advice B. difference C. discussion D. choice

完形填空

I have faith in that families are not only blood relatives, but sometimes people who turn up and love you when no one else will.

In May 1977, I was living in a Howard Johnson’s motel off Interstate 10 in Houston. My dad and I a room with two double beds and a bathroom was too for a 15-year-old girl and her father. Dad’s second marriage was and my stepmother had us both out of the house the previous week. Dad had no what to do with me. And that’s when my other family .

Barbara and Roland Beach took me into their home their only daughter, Su, my best friend, asked them to. I lived with them for the next seven years.

Barb washed my skirts the same as Su’s. She I had lunch money, doctors’ , help with homework and nightly hugs. Barbara and Roland attended every football game where Su and I were being cheerleaders. I could tell, for the Beaches there was no between Su and me; I was their daughter, too.

When Su and I college they kept my room the same for the entire four years I attended school. Recently, Barb presented me with an insurance policy they bought when I first moved in with them and had continued to pay on for 23 years.

The Beaches knew about me when they took me in – they had heard the whole story from Su. When I was seven, my mother died and from then on my father relied on other people to his kids. Before I went to live with the Beaches I had been convinced that life was entirely and that love was shaky and untrustworthy. I had believed that the only person who would take care of me was me.

the Beaches, I would have become a bitter, selfish and pessimistic woman. They gave me a home that allowed me to grow and .They kept me from being paralyzed by my , and they gave me the confidence to open my heart.

I family. For me, it wasn’t the family that was there on the day I was , but the one that was there for me when I was living in a Howard Johnson’s on Interstate 10.

1.A.lived B.shared C.possessed D.bought

2.A.crowd B.convenient C.small D.limited

3.A.in trouble B.in sight C.in place D.in parts

4.A.drove B.removed C.kicked D.knocked

5.A.plan B.choice C.chance D.idea

6.A.looked over B.showed up C.jumped out D.came across

7.A.so B.because C.until D.while

8.A.worked out B.called up C.watched out D.made sure

9.A.approaches B. concentrations C. commitments D. appointments

10.A.As long as B.As far as C.As soon as D.As many as

11.A.change B.problem C.conflict D.difference

12.A.set off B.left for C.entered into D.admitted into

13.A.all B.little C.something D.nothing

14.A.supply B.teach C.encourage D.raise

15.A.different B.unfair C.easy D.hopeful

16.A.Thanks to B.In spite of C.Except for D.But for

17.A.survive B.change C.happy D.operate

18.A.choice B.failure C.past D.present

19.A.pick up B.rely on C.center on D.believe in

20.A.born B.grown C.accepted D.deserted

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