题目内容

Our risk of cancer rises rapidly as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors (肿瘤) or doesn’t it?
While such tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050, it s important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing.
In many cases, screening can lead to additional examinations and operations to remove cancer, which can cause side effects, while the cancers themselves may be slow-growing and may not cause serious health problems in patients’ remaining years. But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained (根深蒂固的) that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer, it caused a noisy reaction among doctors, patients and social groups.
It’s hard to uproot deeply-held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data. Certainly, there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening, and gained several extra years of life because of treatment. And clearly, people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer, such as a family history or previous personal experience with the disease, should continue to get screened regularly. But for the rest, the risk of cancer, while increased at the end of life, must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy.
A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening—especially considering the explosion of the elderly.
It’s not an easy calculation to make, but one that makes sense for patients. Dr. Otis Brawley said, “Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves from medical disputes. We need to think about the wise use of health care, which means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better.”
小题1:Routine cancer screening for the elderly people makes sense because ______.
A．it is believed to contribute to a long life
B．it is part of their health care package
C．they are more sensitive about the health
D．they are in greater danger of tumor growth
小题2:How do some researchers now look at routine cancer screening for the elderly?
A．It adds too much to their medical bills.
B．They are doubtful about necessity.
C．It helps increase their life expectancy.
D．They think it does more harm than good.
小题3:What is the traditional view about women screening for breast cancer?
A．It is a must for adult women.
B．It applies to women over 50.
C．It is intended for young women.
D．It doesn’t apply to women over
小题4:Why do many doctors advise routine screening for cancer?
A．They want to take advantage of the medical care system.
B．They want to protect themselves against medical disputes.
C．They want data for medical research.
D．They want their patients to suffer less.
小题5:What does the writer say is the general view about health care?
A．Better care, longer life.
B．Prevention is better than cure.
C．Better early than late.
D．The more, the better.

小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:A
小题4:B
小题5:D

试题分析：文章大意：定期癌检查是否对上了年纪的人减少疾病的扩散有用呢，研究人们就此展开了研讨，上了年纪的需要更多的健康管理而不仅仅是定期检查。
小题1:D 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Our risk of cancer rises rapidly as we age.”可知年龄增长发生癌症的风险会迅速扩大。故D正确。
小题2:B 细节理解题。根据第二段“researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly.”可知B正确。
小题3:A 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句以及第四段可知A正确。
小题4:B 事实细节题。根据最后一段“Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves from medical disputes.”可知B正确。
小题5:D 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“when it comes to health care, more is always better.”可知D正确。
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Car crashes are the top killer of American teenagers．Most of the crashes result from distracted driving not paying attention to the road．
Ryan Didone was a fifteen-year-old passenger in a car that hit a tree．He was one of the nation's more than thirty thousand victims of traffic crashes in 2008．Nearly four thousand deaths, about twelve percent, involved drivers aged fifteen to twenty．Ryan's father, Thomas Didone, is a police captain in Montgomery County, Maryland．He said, "It was an inexperienced, immature driver who felt that he was invincible(不可战胜的), driving at night with a carload of kids．He was distracted, he was going too fast, and it ended up causing one death and some upsetting experiences and tragedy for the rest of the community."
Jim Jennings from the Allstate Insurance Company said "The number one cause of distracted-driving accidents is the mobile phone．Talking on the phone or reaching for it is like drinking four beers and driving．If you're texting while driving, you are twenty-three times more likely to get into an accident than somebody who isn't．
Reaching for a cell phone when it's going off, you're nine times more likely to get into an accident than normally driving," The insurance industry recently held a safety event near Washington for teen drivers．
At first, nineteen-year-old Kevin Schumann easily avoided large, inflatable dolls thrown in front of the car to represent children．He also avoided orange cones representing the edge of the road．Then, as part of the test, he started texting. He hit several cones and at least one doll．
Debbie Pickford from the Allstate Insurance Company said, "Teens are especially at risk from distracted driving—and not just because they lack experience on the roads．What we know from research on teen brain development, is that teens don't really have fully developed brains until they are twenty-five years old. You put those two things together and you get a much, much higher risk.”
小题1:According to the passage, _____is the most likely to lead to a traffic accident while you are driving．
A．texting on the mobile phoneB．reaching for a cell phone．
C．talking on the mobile phoneD．bringing along a cell phone
小题2:A safety event held by insurance industry was meant to _   _.
A．attract more teenagers to take part in it
B．draw enough attention to teenagers' distracted driving
C．make more teenagers practice avoiding large barriers
D．encourage more teenagers to pay for insurance protection
小题3:The passage is probably followed by a concluding paragraph about ____．
A．much higher riskB．teen brain developmen
C．experience on the roadsD．measures to be taken t
小题4:Of all the following, which is the best title for the passage?
A．Car Crashes —the Top Killer.
B．Distracted Driving —Let's Avoid!
C．Drunken Driving — Dangerous Enough！
D．Tips on Driving While Calling
New research suggests that speaking more than one language may delay different kinds of dementia(痴呆), that is the loss of mental ability. In fact, researchers say, speaking two languages appears to be more important than the level of education in defending against dementias.
A study in India examined the effect of knowing more than one language in delaying the first signs of several dementias. Researchers studied nearly 650 people whose average age was 66. 240 of those studied suffered from Alzheimer's, the most common form of mental decline(下降). 391 of the subjects spoke two or more languages. Researchers found the dementias began about four-and-a-half years later in those who spoke two languages compared to those who spoke only one language. The level of education had no effect on the age at the first sign of dementia.
Thomas Bak, from the Center of Cognitive Aging at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, who helped to organize the study, suggests that individuals who speak more than one language train their brains by moving back and forth between different words and expressions. He also believes this effort improves what scientists called executive(执行的) functioning, which often weakens in people with dementias. He states that researchers found there was no extra gain in speaking more than two languages.
Mr Bak says it does not appear important whether you learn another language at a young age or later in life. It's not something that “you missed the boat when you do not do it as a baby.” It is something that is still quite useful and powerful when you do it as an adult.
小题1:The finding of the study is that________.
A．learning more than one language can cure dementias
B．speaking two languages may delay kinds of dementias
C．the level of education matters in defending against dementias
D．people who suffer from dementias will lose mental ability
小题2:The underlined word “subjects” refers to________.
A．people who were studied in the study
B．notices that were put on about the study
C．questions that were asked in the study
D．methods that were used in the study
小题3:According to Mr Bak, ________.
A．the more languages one speaks, the less chance of getting dementias
B．people’s executive functioning often strengthens with age
C．when you learn one more language makes no difference
D．it is much easier to learn one more language at a young age
小题4:This passage may probably be seen in________.
A．a research planB．a health magazine
C．a book reviewD．a business magazine
The research tracked the health of 101,000 US nurses over three decades.
Light-to-moderate smokers were twice as likely to die of sudden heart problems as those who had never smoked.
But those who quit smoking saw their risk begin to go back down within years, a journal of the American Heart Association reports.
_________
During the study, there were 315 sudden cardiac deaths（心脏性猝死）——where the heart unexpectedly stops working.
In people aged 35 or younger, this usually because of a heart condition that runs in the family.
But in people who are older than this—as most of the nurses in the study were —it can be the first sign of coronary heart disease, where the heart’s arteries become blocked by fatty deposits.
Of the 315 sudden deaths in the study, 75 were among current smokers, 148 were among recent or past smokers and 128 occurred in people who had never smoked.
Reason to quit
After taking into account other heart risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and family history of heart disease, Dr Roopinder Sandhu and his colleagues found the women who smoked were twice as likely as likely to die suddenly even if they smoked “light-to-moderate” amounts —between one and 14 cigarettes a day.
For every five years of continued smoking, the risk went up by 8%.
But women who quit saw their risk fall to that of someone who had never smoked, after 20 years of cessation.
Dr Sandhu, of the University of Alberta, Canad, said: “What this study really tells women is how important it is to stop smoking. The benefits in terms of sudden cardiac death reduction are there for all women, not just those with established heart disease.”
“It can be difficult to quit. It needs to be a long-term goal. It’s not always easily achievable and it may take more than one attempt.”
Ellen Mason, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said: “This study shows that smoking just a couple of cigarettes a day could still seriously affect your future health.”
“As we approach the new year, many of us will be making resolutions and giving up smoking will be the top of the list for lots of people.”
“If you’re thinking of quitting and need a nudge, this research adds to the wealth of evidence that stopping smoking is the single best thing you can do for your heart health.”
A recent study in The Lancet of 1.2million Women found those who gave up smoking by the age of 30 would almost completely avoid the risk of dying early from tobacco-related diseases.
Latest figures suggest a fifth of women in England smoke.
小题1:According to the research, light smokers____________.
A．are not likely to suffer from heart problems
B．are more likely to suffer from heart problems than moderate ones
C．can go on smoking only if they don’t smoke much
D．have a high possibility of dying of heart disease
小题2:Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A．Nonsmokers wouldn’t die of sudden cardiac death
B．Most of the nurses concerned in the research were middle aged.
C．All age groups of people were involved in the research.
D．If the smokers had quit smoking, they wouldn’t have died of heart disease.
小题3:Which of the following is best suitable for the blank in the passage?
A．Raised riskB．Ways of quitting smoking
C．Diseases related to smokingD．Signs of heart disease
小题4:The underlined word “nudge” in the passage probably means “____________”
A．pushB．confidenceC．studyD．comparison
About a third of all common cancers in the United States, China and Britain could be prevented each year if people ate healthier food, drank less alcohol and exercised more, health experts said on Friday.
Reports from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) suggest that making simple lifestyle changes could prevent some 40 percent of breast cancers alone in Britain and the United States, as well as tens of thousands of stomach cancers.
“Even in 2011, people are dying unnecessarily from cancers that could be prevented through keeping a healthy weight, diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors,” said a WCRF medical and scientific adviser.
WCRF findings are supported by World Health Organization (WHO) reports, which say regular exercise can prevent many diseases such as cancers and heart diseases.
Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world and its incidence(发病率) is rising. Each year around 12.7 million people discover they have cancer and 7.6 million people die from some form of the disease. There are about 200 known types of cancer.
Rachel Thompson, the WCRF’s head of science, said that while the message was simple — that not smoking, eating good food and being a healthy weight can help ward off many cancers — it was still a difficult one to get across.
The WHO says adults should do at least 150 minutes of exercise a week. This could be done by walking for 30 minutes five times per week or by cycling to work every day.
Peter Baldini, head of the World Lung Foundation, also called on all governments to introduce smoke-free laws and raise the price of cigarettes. Tobacco kills millions of smokers every year, and tobacco-related lung cancers also kill hundreds of thousands of people who don’t smoke but have been exposed to it second-hand.
“There isn’t a magic bullet to cure all forms of cancer, but we have the opportunity and the duty to protect people from developing cancer wherever possible,” Baldini said.
小题1:Which of the following words can best take the place of the phrase “ward off” in the sixth paragraph?
A．protectB．preventC．developD．cure。
小题2:Which of the following statements is Not true according to the text?
A．Exercising and eating healthily can help to reduce cancer risk.
B．Each year about 12.7 million people are diagnosed with cancer around the world.
C．Every year millions of people die from smoking and lung cancers.
D．Adults should walk for fifty minutes three times per week.
小题3:Which of the following can be the best title of this text?
A．Simple life changes could stop millions of cancers
B．Cancer is a leading cause of death
C．Our bad lifestyle caused many diseases
D．The incidence of common cancers is rising
小题4:By writing the passage, the author mainly intends to ____.
A．advise people to develop healthier lifestyle.
B．warn people of the danger of cancers
C．explain why many people die from cancers every year.
D．introduce the ways to protect people from developing cancers
小题5:We can infer from Peter Baldini’s opinion in the last two paragraphs that ____.
A．all the lung cancers are linked to smoking
B．there is no medicine to cure the cancers but it’s our duty to find one
C．all governments should take measures to control smokers and protect people’s health
D．it’s our opportunity and duty to persuade people to give up smoking
Malaria, the world's most widespread parasitic(寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many as three million people every year—almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbers are difficult to assess because many people don't (or can't) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long.
Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often, headaches. As the parasites multiply, they take over the entire body. Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect. They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain. If it doesn't kill you, malaria can happen again and again for years. The disease passed on to humans by female mosquitoes infected with one of four species of parasite. Together, the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly couple in the history of the earth—and one of the most successful. Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control. Studies show that mosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently, and there are more outbreaks in cities with large populations. Some of the disease's spread is due to global warming.
For decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine, a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, malaria parasites have become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs should fail, nobody knows what would come next.
小题1:According to paragraph 1, many people don't seek care because___.
A．they can remain unaffected for long
B．it is unusual to seek care
C．they are too poor
D．there are too many people suffering from the disease
小题2:People suffering from malaria___.
A．have to kill female mosquitoes
B．have ability to defend parasites
C．have their red blood cells infected
D．have sudden fever, followed by chills
小题3:Which of the following may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease?
A．Its outbreaks in cities with large populations.
B．Its ability to pass on the virus frequently.
C．Its resistance to global warming.
D．Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs.
小题4:It can be inferred from the passage that___.
A．no drugs have been found to treat the disease
B．the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people
C．malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites
D．nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease
小题5:Which of the following questions has NOT been discussed in the passage?
A．How can we know one is suffering from malaria?
B．How many people are killed by malaria each year?
C．Why are there so many people suffering from malaria?
D．What has been done to keep people unaffected for long?
According to the survey conducted by some scientists, it is common to have difficulty sleeping during the day. Humans are naturally wired to sleep best at night and be awake during the day. However, modern work schedules require some people to try to accommodate the unnatural schedule of shift（轮班）work — being awake at night and sleeping during the day.
In order to make this adjustment, you need to pay special attention to your sleep environment and your preparation for sleep. If shift work is a necessary part of your work life, here are some suggestions that may help.
Arrange to sleep uninterrupted in a quiet, dark room. This means you may have to turn off or unplug your phone, hang darkening curtains on the windows or wear a sleep eye mask, and train your family and friends to leave you alone while you sleep.
Fit in a nap (小睡). When your daytime sleep period is too short, taking a short nap of less than 30 minutes just before work or on a break has been shown to improve alertness and enhance performance.
Develop and follow a sleep routine. It's best if you go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day. Try not to vary this too much on weekends. Your body likes routine.
Take extra care to make healthy choices. You may be tempted to reach for unhealthy foods or nicotine to stay awake or alcohol to try to sleep. But ultimately these choices are more harmful than helpful.
If you have tried all these things and are still having problems getting enough quality sleep during the day, talk to your doctor or a sleep specialist. Sometimes medications (药物治疗) may be helpful and safe. In other cases, there may be an underlying sleep disorder that needs to be addressed.
小题1:The purpose of the text is to_____ .
A．persuade workers to have a good sleep
B．advise night workers to keep healthy
C．encourage workers to do day work
D．help night workers to sleep well
小题2:What does the author recommend?
A．A suitable amount of alcohol to help sleep.
B．A regular life on weekday’s and weekends.
C．A bright room without phones to sleep in.
D．A break for sleeping anytime during the day.
小题3:On which condition should a person turn to a sleep specialist for help?
A．If he suffers from a sleep disorder for the first time.
B．If a good sleep environment is greatly needed for him.
C．If he fails to get quality sleep through his own efforts.
D．If he has the problem of falling asleep in the daytime.
小题4:We can learn from the text that_____________.
A．night workers need a long time to fall asleep
B．constant breaks at work help to improve performance
C．it is difficult to create a good sleep environment
D．night work requires people to adjust their body clocks
As we get older, the fear of not having a good memory grows for many people. A lot of people  48  that the loss of memory can be the sign of Alzheimer’s(老年痴呆症).
It is true that as we grow older we are more    49   to develop Alzheimer’s. But with a proper lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and exercise, one can stay mentally     50   into their old age.
There are many causes of memory loss that have nothing to do with Alzheimer’s. As researchers come    51   to understanding Alzheimer’s, the outlook(前景) is    52   for people with this illness. New treatments are becoming available. With improved diagnosis(诊断), medications and treatment, one day we may be able to    53   or even reverse (反转) memory loss as we age.
Memory loss is    54   a topic of concern for people. Having Alzheimer’s can lead to increased dependency on others. Not being able to manage basic daily    55  on your own or even not being able to recognize family members would be a serious hit to anyone. This is why many elderly people often have questions and concerns.
小题1:
A．worryB．guessC．insistD．suggest
小题2:
A．eagerB．nervousC．likelyD．ready
小题3:
A．healthyB．honestC．braveD．kind
小题4:
A．fasterB．slowerC．fartherD．closer
小题5:
A．reducingB．endingC．improvingD．waiting
小题6:
A．makeB．take C．preventD．protect
小题7:
A．alsoB．stillC．everD．even
小题8:
A．activitiesB．newsC．mealsD．drinks
Most American children eat potatoes every day, but they don't know which part of potato is most nourishing(有营养的).Take a sharp knife and cut a very thin slice(薄片) from it and hold it to the light, and you will see that the potato has skin, an outside rim(边缘) and the inner part. The outside rim which is right under the skin is most nutritious.But this part is often thrown away with the skin. Even the skin itself is better for food than the inside. When eating a cooked potato, if you choose the inside and leave the outside, you are wasting the best part of it. If you can’t eat the whole potato, it is better to eat the outside rim and leave the inner part.
小题1:A potato has _________.
A．one part onlyB．two partsC．three partsD．four parts
小题2:The best part of the potato is the _________.
A．middleB．skinC．outside rimD．inside
小题3:What does this reading tell about potatoes? It tells us _________.
A．how to cook themB．how to cut potatoes
C．what is a potato made up ofD．how to eat them

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