题目内容

A study published in September suggests there is a surprising way to get people to avoid unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers to answer some questions on their personalities and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “we told those people we'd fed their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail. “You got sick after eating strawberry ice-cream.” The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through leading questions --- Who were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those given a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many said they'd avoid eating it.                                              
When Loftus published her findings, she started getting calls from people begging her to make them remember hating chocolate or French fries. Unfortunately, it's not that easy. False memories appear to work only for foods you don't eat on a regular basis. But most importantly, it is likely that false memories can be implanted (灌输) only in people who are unaware of the mental control. And lying to a patient is immoral(不道德的), even if a doctor believes it's for the patient's benefit.
Loftus says there's nothing to stop parents from trying it with their overweight children. “I say, wake up --- parents have been lying about Father Christmas for years, and nobody seems to mind. If they can prevent diseases caused by fatness and all the other problems that come with that, you might think that's more moral lie. Decide that for yourself.”

  1. 1.

    Why did Loftus ask the volunteers to answer some questions?

    1. A.
      To improve her computer program.
    2. B.
      To find out details she can make use of.
    3. C.
      To find out their attitudes towards food.
    4. D.
      To predict what food they'll like in the future.
  2. 2.

    What did Loftus find out from her research?

    1. A.
      People believe what the computer tells them.
    2. B.
      People tend to forget their childhood experiences.
    3. C.
      People can be led to believe in something false.
    4. D.
      People are not always aware of their personalities.
  3. 3.

    According to the study, people may stop having a certain food if they _______.

    1. A.
      think they once had a bad experience of eating it
    2. B.
      learn it is harmful for health
    3. C.
      lie to themselves that they don't want it
    4. D.
      are willing to let doctors control their minds
  4. 4.

    What is the biggest concern with the method?

    1. A.
      Who it is best for
    2. B.
      When it is effective.
    3. C.
      How it should be used.
    4. D.
      Whether it is moral.
BCAD
1.推理题。根据第一段内容可知Loftus问问题就是为了获得更多的细节，然后输入电脑进行研究。
2.细节题。根据第一段倒数第三行up to 41% of those given a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick可知人们考试相信一些错误的事情。
3.推理题。根据第一段内容可知一些人避免吃一种食物是因为他们认为指这种食物让他们有不好的经历，就如第一段中提及的吃了草莓冰激凌让他生病这样的事情，会让一些人不再吃草莓冰激凌。
4.推理题。根据第二段4,5行And lying to a patient is immoral(不道德的), even if a doctor believes it's for the patient's benefit. 可知这种方法最大的担心就是是否道德。
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In the United States there was an unusual tale telling of the daughter of a mechanic (技工). One day while walking along the bank of a lake, the girl1 to see2 eggs laid by a wild goose. After some time the girl3 the mother would not return to her eggs and she4 to take them home. There she carefully5 the eggs in the heat of a lamp. Several days6 the eggs broke and the baby geese came into the7.
Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother. 42，to these young geese, the girl was their mother.
As they8, the girl was able to9 her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to10,. The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when11 and in her dreams. later, she had an12 She would pilot a plane to guide them in13 . She asked her father for a plane and he assembled (组装) a small aircraft for her.
Caring about14 safety, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not15 or follow him, and16 slept in the grass.
One day, the girl17 into the plane, started it and soon left the18, Seeing their mother take to the air, the birds19 flapped (拍打) their wings and20. She flew the plane freely in the sky, her young birds following.

  1. 1.
    1. A.
      managed
    2. B.
      attempted
    3. C.
      happened
    4. D.
      supposed
  2. 2.
    1. A.
      realized
    2. B.
      expected
    3. C.
      imagined
    4. D.
      admitted
  3. 3.
    1. A.
      helped
    2. B.
      decided
    3. C.
      afforded
    4. D.
      meant
  4. 4.
    1. A.
      placed
    2. B.
      protected
    3. C.
      treated
    4. D.
      examined
  5. 5.
    1. A.
      ago
    2. B.
      out
    3. C.
      later
    4. D.
      long
  6. 6.
    1. A.
      family
    2. B.
      lake
    3. C.
      home
    4. D.
      world
  7. 7.
    1. A.
      But
    2. B.
      Also
    3. C.
      Thus
    4. D.
      Still
  8. 8.
    1. A.
      increased
    2. B.
      improved
    3. C.
      rose
    4. D.
      grew
  9. 9.
    1. A.
      ask
    2. B.
      lead
    3. C.
      want
    4. D.
      allow
  10. 10.
    1. A.
      fly
    2. B.
      race
    3. C.
      swim
    4. D.
      sing
  11. 11.
    1. A.
      asleep
    2. B.
      away
    3. C.
      around
    4. D.
      awake
  12. 12.
    1. A.
      idea
    2. B.
      opinion
    3. C.
      explanation
    4. D.
      excuse
  13. 13.
    1. A.
      sky
    2. B.
      heaven
    3. C.
      flight
    4. D.
      plane
  14. 14.
    1. A.
      his
    2. B.
      her
    3. C.
      their
    4. D.
      its
  15. 15.
    1. A.
      respect
    2. B.
      remember
    3. C.
      recognize
    4. D.
      receive
  16. 16.
    1. A.
      so
    2. B.
      instead
    3. C.
      hardly
    4. D.
      too
  17. 17.
    1. A.
      climbed
    2. B.
      looked
    3. C.
      reached
    4. D.
      fell
  18. 18.
    1. A.
      house
    2. B.
      floor
    3. C.
      water
    4. D.
      pound
  19. 19.
    1. A.
      secretly
    2. B.
      disappointedly
    3. C.
      patiently
    4. D.
      eagerly
  20. 20.
    1. A.
      looked away
    2. B.
      set out
    3. C.
      went by
    4. D.
      turned back

Global emissions（排放）of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning jumped by the largest amount on record in 2010. Emissions rose 5.9 percent in 2010, according to an analysis released on Sunday by the Global Carbon Project.
Scientists said the increase was almost certainly the largest absolute jump in any year since the Industrial Revolution. The increase solidified a trend of ever-rising emissions that will make it difficult, if not impossible, to stop severe climate change in coming decades.
The burning of coal represented more than half of the growth in emissions, the analysis found. In the United States, emissions dropped by a remarkable 7 percent in the year of 2009, but rose by over 4 percent in 2010, the new analysis shows.
“Each year, emissions go up, and there’s another year of negotiations, another year of indecision,” said Glen P. Peters, a researcher at the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research. “There’s no evidence that this path we’ve been following in the last 10 years is going to change.”
Scientists say the rapid growth of emissions is warming the Earth and putting human welfare at long-term risk. But their increasingly urgent pleas that society find a way to limit emissions have met sharp political resistance in many countries because doing so would involve higher energy costs.
The new figures show a continuation of a trend in which developing countries have surpassed (超过) the wealthy countries in their overall greenhouse emissions. In 2010, the burning of fossil fuels and the production of cement (水泥) sent more than nine billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere, the new analysis found, with 57 percent of that coming from developing countries.
On the surface, the figures of recent years suggest that wealthy countries have made headway in stabilizing their emissions. But Dr. Peters pointed out that, in a sense, the rich countries have simply exported some of them.
The fast rise in developing countries has been caused to a large extent by the growth of energy-intensive manufacturing industries that make goods that rich countries import. “All that has changed is the location in which the emissions are being produced,” Dr. Peters said.
Many countries, as part of their response to the economic crisis, invested billions in programs designed to make their energy systems greener. While it is possible, the new numbers suggest they have had little effect so far.

  1. 1.

    Many governments in the world resist limiting emissions because          .

    1. A.
      it is not the best way to solve such problems
    2. B.
      they don’t realize the risks of carbon emissions
    3. C.
      it would probably harm human welfare in the long run
    4. D.
      they are unwilling to accept higher energy costs
  2. 2.

    According to Glen P. Peters, We can learn that          .

    1. A.
      the rapid growth of emissions contributes to potential risks for humans
    2. B.
      rich countries actually take more responsibility for the growth of emissions
    3. C.
      human beings will follow the same path of negotiations in the next 10 years
    4. D.
      some countries negotiate together yearly whether to reduce the amounts of emissions
  3. 3.

    Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

    1. A.
      Emissions in the United States dropped by about 7 percent in 2010.
    2. B.
      Developing countries will produce less emissions with economic development.
    3. C.
      There is a long way to go for many countries to limit the fast growth of emissions.
    4. D.
      Over 50 percent of the growth in emissions resulted from the burning of fossil fuels.
  4. 4.

    The text mainly talks about          .

    1. A.
      an analysis released by the Global Carbon Project
    2. B.
      the record jump in carbon dioxide emissions
    3. C.
      the possible climate change in future decades
    4. D.
      the main harm of greenhouse gases

It must have been around nine o’clock when I drove back home from work because it was already dark． As I came near to the gates I turned off the head lights of the car so as to prevent the beam from swinging (摆动) through the window and waking Jack, who shared the house with me． But I needn’t have done so． I noticed that his light was still on, so he was awake anyway—unless he had fallen asleep while reading． I put the car away and went up the steps．
Then I opened the door quietly and went to Jack’s room． He was in bed awake, but he didn’t even turn towards me．
“What’s up, Jack﹖” I asked．
“For God’s sake, don’t make a noise,” he said．
The way he spoke reminded me of someone in pain who is afraid to talk in case he does himself serious injury．
“Take your shoes off, Neville,” Jack said．
I thought that he must be ill and that I had better give way to him to keep him happy． “There is a snake here,” he explained． “It’s asleep between the sheets． I was lying on my back reading when I saw it．I knew that moving was out of the question． I could not have moved even I’d wanted to．” I realized that he was serious． “I was depending on you to call a doctor as soon as you came home,” Jack went on． “It has not bitten me yet but I dare not do anything to upset it． It might wake up． I’m sick of this,” he said．“I took it for granted that you would have come home an hour ago．”
There was no time to argue or apologize for being late．I looked at him as encouraging as I could and went to telephone the doctor．

  1. 1.

    When he got home, Neville found that ＿＿＿＿＿．

    1. A.
      Jack had fallen asleep while reading
    2. B.
      Jack had been reading for some time
    3. C.
      Jack’s light was not turned off
    4. D.
      Jack was ready to answer the doctor
  2. 2.

    The underlined phrase in Paragraph 6 means ＿＿＿＿＿．

    1. A.
      impossible
    2. B.
      no problem
    3. C.
      no doubt
    4. D.
      without difficulty
  3. 3.

    Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage﹖

    1. A.
      Neville and Jack lived in the same house．
    2. B.
      Neville thought that Jack had fallen ill．
    3. C.
      Neville really believed that Jack was not making a joke．
    4. D.
      Neville refused to argue or to make an apology for being late．
  4. 4.

    The reason why Neville thought that Jack must be ill is that Jack ＿＿＿＿．

    1. A.
      asked Neville to take off his shoes
    2. B.
      made a gesture to show the presence of the snake
    3. C.
      was afraid to upset the snake sleeping between the sheets
    4. D.
      behaved strangely as if he were badly hurt
  5. 5.

    According to the passage, Neville should have been home at ＿＿＿＿．

    1. A.
      7 p．m．
    2. B.
      8 p．m．
    3. C.
      9 p．m．
    4. D.
      6 p．m．

A HOUSE WITH A HISTORY
Foulsham House is a fine,stone house of the 1790s.It stands by the River Byre,in twenty-five hectares（公顷）of the best farmland in the southwest.
Smithson built the house,and the story goes back to George,the young Prince of Wales,who fell in love with the beautiful lady Kitty Wake,at one of the first Lord Foulsham’s wild woods parties.In the past many great men rode on the hills about Foulsham House,and many fine ladies took tea in the Green Room.
The house has eight bedrooms,three bathrooms,two living-rooms and a dining room with a real Adam fire-place（壁炉）.The gentleman’s library has a view over the park and the river.All rooms are light and airy（空气通畅的）,with wood,high windows,and wood floors.
At the back of the house,where the third Lord Foulsham kept the horses,there is garage-space（停车的地方）for four cars.In many other ways,this house of the 1790s meets the needs of the 2000s.
If you wish to know more about Foulsham House,write to:
Harvey,Platt,Longford & Sons,
6,Castle Green,Gilham,Byreside.

  1. 1.

    The writer writes this passage to ________.

    1. A.
      persuade people to buy it
    2. B.
      give some information about Foulsham House
    3. C.
      tell a love story
    4. D.
      describe the beauty of a best farmland
  2. 2.

    People say that ________.

    1. A.
      Smithson built the house for Lord Foulsham’s wild parties
    2. B.
      Prince George fell in love with Kitty Wake at Foulsham House
    3. C.
      Prince George and Kitty Wake fell in love with the Green Room
    4. D.
      Lord Foulsham fell in love with a lady in Wales
  3. 3.

    The library ________.

    1. A.
      has a fine view of the park and the river
    2. B.
      is where great men and fine ladies took tea
    3. C.
      has an Adam fire-place,and a real wood floor
    4. D.
      has eight bedrooms,three bathrooms and two living-rooms

I liked climbing things when I was a baby. My mother remembers and has told me most of those1moments like this one. When I was one and a half years old, we lived in our first house in Rue St-Louis. On a hot summer day, my father intended to 2the roof of our old house. In order to climb up there, he 3a ladder front of the house.
In my town,4could walk outside because the streets were5. I was outside watching my father climb on that strange thing. I was curious about why my father disappear at last. So I decided to go up it to6why it was impossible to see my father after he reached the7of that thing. At 1.5 years old, still a baby wearing pampers, I climbed that ladder to the roof top and started walking8. My father did not notice that-he was on the other side occupied with his repairs. It happened that a nice lady in our9passed by and10me. The nice lady came to my house and11my mother of it, who was fearful and12ran outside to speak with me.
She really thought I would just13that roof, for I was just a baby14. She asked me to sit down and stop moving in a15way you speak to your babies when they are cute.16, I threw myself flat on the17and waited.
My mother climbed the ladder to18me up and there I was enjoying the view laughing at my mother’s shocked face.19the saying goes, “He who knows nothing20nothing.”

  1. 1.
    1. A.
      valuable
    2. B.
      unforgettable
    3. C.
      endless
    4. D.
      worthy
  2. 2.
    1. A.
      build
    2. B.
      paint
    3. C.
      clean
    4. D.
      mend
  3. 3.
    1. A.
      spread
    2. B.
      laid
    3. C.
      stood
    4. D.
      moved
  4. 4.
    1. A.
      adults
    2. B.
      children
    3. C.
      babies
    4. D.
      villagers
  5. 5.
    1. A.
      smooth
    2. B.
      wide
    3. C.
      clean
    4. D.
      safe
  6. 6.
    1. A.
      figure out
    2. B.
      think out
    3. C.
      pick out
    4. D.
      point out
  7. 7.
    1. A.
      foot
    2. B.
      top
    3. C.
      step
    4. D.
      body
  8. 8.
    1. A.
      out
    2. B.
      up
    3. C.
      down
    4. D.
      around
  9. 9.
    1. A.
      house
    2. B.
      neighborhood
    3. C.
      family
    4. D.
      company
  10. 10.
    1. A.
      met
    2. B.
      inspected
    3. C.
      heard
    4. D.
      spotted
  11. 11.
    1. A.
      asked
    2. B.
      warned
    3. C.
      reminded
    4. D.
      advised
  12. 12.
    1. A.
      quietly
    2. B.
      slowly
    3. C.
      immediately
    4. D.
      curiously
  13. 13.
    1. A.
      fall off
    2. B.
      climb onto
    3. C.
      repair
    4. D.
      destroy
  14. 14.
    1. A.
      after all
    2. B.
      at all
    3. C.
      in all
    4. D.
      all in all
  15. 15.
    1. A.
      concerned
    2. B.
      cautious
    3. C.
      nice
    4. D.
      clear
  16. 16.
    1. A.
      Therefore
    2. B.
      Instead
    3. C.
      However
    4. D.
      Otherwise
  17. 17.
    1. A.
      ladder
    2. B.
      ground
    3. C.
      roof
    4. D.
      street
  18. 18.
    1. A.
      bring
    2. B.
      pick
    3. C.
      put
    4. D.
      take
  19. 19.
    1. A.
      When
    2. B.
      While
    3. C.
      For
    4. D.
      As
  20. 20.
    1. A.
      doubts
    2. B.
      fears
    3. C.
      ignores
    4. D.
      understands

The fourth of July marks the anniversary of America’s Declaration of Independence from Britain. During the summer of 1776, American colonists were deeply divided. Almost one in three was loyal to Britain. Yet most were increasingly angry about what they considered unfair treatment by the British government. By June, fighting had already taken place between colonial forces and Britain. The idea of independence was spreading.
Delegates (代表) from the thirteen colonies gathered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Continental Congress decided that a document declaring separation from Britain should be declared. Thomas Jefferson led a committee chosen to write it.
On July 4th, 1776, the Continental Congress voted to approve the Declaration of Independence. It says that people have the right to change their government if it denies them their rights. It states that everyone has the right to life, liberty and the pursuit (追求) of happiness.
Today, the Fourth of July holiday is a time for friends and families to gather. They might play sports and eat hot dogs, hamburgers and other foods cooked outdoors. They might watch a parade in their community. At night, many people gather to watch fireworks bursting in the dark sky.
In Washington, D. C. this year (2011), thousands of people attended a concert with performances by musicians. There was also a huge fireworks show with more than two thousand five hundred shells exploding over the National Mall.
Another event that traditionally took place on the National Mall was the Smithsonian Folk life Festival. This year’s event celebrated the cultures of Mexico and Asian Pacific Americans. Visitors heard the music, eat the food and learn about the many traditions of these cultures.
The third subject of the festival was called “Smithsonian Inside Out”. Smithsonian experts had a chance to present their research and knowledge to the public.

  1. 1.

    Why was the idea of independence spreading before July 4, 1776? (No more than 10 words)

  2. 2.

    What right does everyone have according to the Declaration of Independence? (No more than 13 rds)

  3. 3.

    What does the Fourth of July holiday mean to Americans today? (No more than 10 words)

  4. 4.

    What happened at “Smithsonian Inside Out” this year (in 2011)? (No more than 12 words)

After their business trip, John and Mary returned, eager to see their lovely children. As they drove into their home town feeling glad to be back, they noticed2 , and they went off their usual route to see what it was. They found a3 in flames. Mary said, “Oh, well, it isn’t our fire, let’s go home.”
But John4 closer and screamed, “That home belongs to Fred Jones who works at the plant. He wouldn’t be5 work yet, maybe there is something we could do. ” It has nothing to do with us, Mary6.
But John drove up and stopped and they were both horror-stricken to see the whole house in7 . A woman on the lawn was screaming, “The children! Get the children!” John8 her by the shoulder saying, “Get a hold of yourself and tell us where the children are!” “In the9,” cried the woman, “down the hall and to the left. ”
In spite of Mary’s disagreement John10 for the basement which was full of smoke and11 hot. He found the door and two children.12he left he could hear some more sobbing. He13 the two badly frightened children into14 arms and started back asking how many more children were down there. They told him15more and Mary grasped his arm and screamed, “John! Don’t go back! It’s16 ! That house will fall down any second. ”
36 he ran into the smoke-filled hallway and at last he found both children. As he climbed up the 17stairs, the thought went through his mind that there was something strangely18 about the little bodies next to him, and at last when they came out into the19 and fresh air, he found that he had just20his own children.
The baby-sitter had left them at this home while she did some shopping.

  1. 1.
    1. A.
      direction
    2. B.
      mistake
    3. C.
      smoke
    4. D.
      danger
  2. 2.
    1. A.
      plant
    2. B.
      home
    3. C.
      store
    4. D.
      kitchen
  3. 3.
    1. A.
      ran
    2. B.
      walked
    3. C.
      rode
    4. D.
      drove
  4. 4.
    1. A.
      off
    2. B.
      at
    3. C.
      to
    4. D.
      on
  5. 5.
    1. A.
      whispered
    2. B.
      disagreed
    3. C.
      nodded
    4. D.
      required
  6. 6.
    1. A.
      flames
    2. B.
      pieces
    3. C.
      ruins
    4. D.
      silence
  7. 7.
    1. A.
      pushed
    2. B.
      greeted
    3. C.
      seized
    4. D.
      stopped
  8. 8.
    1. A.
      hall
    2. B.
      department
    3. C.
      house
    4. D.
      basement
  9. 9.
    1. A.
      went
    2. B.
      rushed
    3. C.
      asked
    4. D.
      reached
  10. 10.
    1. A.
      heavily
    2. B.
      terribly
    3. C.
      partly
    4. D.
      slightly
  11. 11.
    1. A.
      As
    2. B.
      If
    3. C.
      Since
    4. D.
      Unless
  12. 12.
    1. A.
      comforted
    2. B.
      protected
    3. C.
      recognized
    4. D.
      delivered
  13. 13.
    1. A.
      cheering
    2. B.
      freezing
    3. C.
      suffering
    4. D.
      waiting
  14. 14.
    1. A.
      many
    2. B.
      several
    3. C.
      two
    4. D.
      three
  15. 15.
    1. A.
      foolish
    2. B.
      dangerous
    3. C.
      practical
    4. D.
      painful
  16. 16.
    1. A.
      But
    2. B.
      So
    3. C.
      Instead
    4. D.
      Therefore
  17. 17.
    1. A.
      wide
    2. B.
      dirty
    3. C.
      final
    4. D.
      endless
  18. 18.
    1. A.
      particular
    2. B.
      familiar
    3. C.
      interesting
    4. D.
      fortunate
  19. 19.
    1. A.
      car
    2. B.
      crowd
    3. C.
      sunlight
    4. D.
      arms
  20. 20.
    1. A.
      found
    2. B.
      rescued
    3. C.
      lost
    4. D.
      Missed

Treatment for HIV has become more widespread, especially in poorer countries. It's also become cheaper, as medicine companies have lowered their prices for life-saving anti-retroviral drugs(抗逆转录病毒药物). But these drugs are still expensive and many countries are looking to create the biggest impact with limited resources. That's where World Health Organization guidelines come in, says Rochelle Walensky, a disease researcher from Harvard.
Walensky and her colleagues used computer programs to model the most cost-effective disease interventions(干预), as well as collected data from clinics in Africa and India about what works best. They found that among the choices of what to do first, earlier anti-retroviral therapy (疗法)improved five-year survival dramatically and resulted in the longer life expectancy. But cost-effective doesn't always mean affordable, especially for governments in poor countries. Countries still have to make difficult choices about how much treatment they can afford.
People in Nairobi, Kenya on Thursday, Dec. 9, 2010, protest a potential free trade area agreement between the EU and India that could see cheap anti-AIDS drugs phased out（逐步淘汰）. However, Walensky notes that first-line anti-retrovirals—those medicine given to newly diagnosed patients that can keep away from symptoms for years - are much cheaper than they were a decade ago. "Second-line therapy have come down quite a bit but not to the level of first-line and countries are having a hard time affording them and increasingly over time, people are going to fail first-line therapy and they're going second-line therapy and then, eventually, they're going to need third-line therapy, some of them."
According to Walensky, history has shown that drug prices can come down when international pressure is applied to drug makers. But for now, she says, countries should focus on treating as many people as they can, as early as possible
Her paper is published in the online journal PLoS Medicine.

  1. 1.

    Which is the best title for the passage?

    1. A.
      HIV Has Spread in Poorer Countries
    2. B.
      Rochelle Walensky’s Life
    3. C.
      International Pressure to Drug Makers
    4. D.
      Early HIV Treatment Saves Lives
  2. 2.

    Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

    1. A.
      Anti-retroviral drugs have become cheap now.
    2. B.
      The cost-effective treatment may be a heavy expense.
    3. C.
      Cheap anti-AIDS drugs have been phased out .
    4. D.
      First-line therapy deals with the most severe disease.
  3. 3.

    The research is done by         .

    1. A.
      using computer programs and collecting data from clinics
    2. B.
      giving medicine to newly diagnosed patients with AIDS
    3. C.
      urging countries to focus on treating more patients earlier
    4. D.
      publishing her paper in the online journal PLoS Medicine
  4. 4.

    The passage serves as a（n）___________ to Rochelle Walensky 's study.

    1. A.
      assessment
    2. B.
      comment
    3. C.
      introduction
    4. D.
      background

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