题目内容

From babies to body builders, we all have muscles. They grow, they bulge(鼓起), they stretch they stretch and sometimes they even painfully pull. But for all the work they do for us, we are still unable to crown one as "the strongest muscle."
Instead, a few muscles could claim the title, depending on how strength is measured.
If the title goes to the muscle that can exert(产生) the most force, the victor would be the soleus（小腿肚肌）, according to Gray's Anatomy（解剖学）. Without this muscle, we wouldn't be able to stand, walk, run or shake our bodies on the dance floor. If the soleus was not continuously pulling, we would always be falling over ourselves (although some of us tend to do that from time to time anyway).
But perhaps the title should go to the muscle that exerts the most pressure. Pressure is different from force — pressure takes into account the area over which a force is exerted. The muscle that takes the prize for delivering the greatest amount of pressure is the masseter, or the jaw muscle, according to the book "Clinical Oral Science" (Reed Educational and Professional Publishing, 1998).
In 1986, Richard Hofmann of Lake City, Fla., achieved a bite strength of 975 pounds (442 kilograms) for two seconds, setting a Guinness Record. Talk about jaw dropping! The jaw is able to clench（咬紧） and chew because of the masseter muscle.
Others may argue the muscles used in childbirth are the most powerful.
When it comes to versatility, perhaps the tongue is the strongest muscle. Its combination of elasticity（伸缩性） and forcefulness gives us the ability to speak, eat and kiss – all things very desirable on a first date. However dexterous（灵巧的） it may be though, its power does not match that of muscles such as the soleus.
If slow and steady wins the race, the heart is certainly a contender for the title. When it contracts, the muscle pumps about 2 ounces (59 milliliters) of blood, and is constantly working over a lifetime. Beating about 40 million times a year, a person's heart will beat approximately 2.5 billion times by the time of their 70th birthday.
小题1:According the passage, the underlined word “contender” in the last paragraph is closet in meaning to “          ”.
A．failureB．partnerC．muscleD．competitor
小题2:Which would be t he best title for the passage?
A．What’s the strongest muscle in the human body?
B．who is the strongest person in the world?
C．What are the functions of different muscles?
D．What are the standards of the strongest muscle?
小题3:According to the passage,       .
A．Without the soleus, we could still stand, walk, run or shake our bodies on the dance floor
B．a few muscles could be the winners, according to different measures
C．the muscles used in childbirth are the most powerful
D．tongue is the strongest muscle for delivering the greatest amount of pressure
小题4:What would be discussed in the following paragraph?
A．Another possible strongest muscle.B．the conclusion of the strongest muscle.
C．The functions of different muscles.D．the Guinness record of strongest muscle.

小题1:D
小题1:A
小题1:B
小题1:A
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Healthy eating begins with learning how to “eat smart”. It’s not just what you eat，小题1:.　　　　 how you eat. Pay attention to what you eat and choosing foods that are both nourishing小题2:　　　　 enjoyable  helps support an overall healthy diet.
Take time to chew your food： Chew your food slowly， savoring every bite. We tend to rush through our meals， forgetting to actually taste the flavors and feel the textures(质地) of 小题3:　　　 is in our mouths. Reconnect with小题4:　　  joy of eating.
Avoid stress while eating：  Avoid eating while working， driving， arguing， or watching TV. Try taking some deep breaths  before beginning your meal， or light candles and play soothing music to create a relaxing atmosphere.
Listen to your body： Ask 小题5:　　　　 if you are really hungry. You may really be thirsty， so try drinking a glass of water first. During a meal， stop eating before you feel full. It actually takes a few minutes 小题6:　　　　 your brain to tell your body that it has had 小题7:　　　　 food， so eat slowly.
Eat early： Starting your day小题8:　　　　 a healthy breakfast can jumpstart your metabolism(新陈代谢)， and eating early in the day gives your body time to work those calories off.
I had about 10 minutes to exercise before I had to pick up my two older daughters from school yesterday. It was a busier day than usual for me with a couple of meetings besides my regular work.
Years ago, I would have put off my workout and would have left things for the next day. But since it was a busy day as well, I knew that I may not have all that much time either. So, I picked up my kettle-bell (哑铃) and went to town for 4 minutes.
See, 4 minutes, if that’s all you’ve got, is enough to give your body a great fat-burning exercise. How did I get a killer workout in 4 minutes? I used a training workout discovered 10 years ago by a Japanese Sports Scientist called a TABATA.
It includes 20-second periods of warm-up, followed by 10-second periods of rest and 4-minute straight exercise. How is a 4-minute exercise able to burn fat? It all depends on the quality of work you do. Not on the quantity. Here’s how I did it yesterday.
You should never forget your warm-up. A TABATA workout is 20 seconds of 2-arm Kettle-bell swings, 10 seconds rest, 20 seconds push-ups, and 10 seconds rest. You should do those 4 rounds. That’s it. I was done in a total time of 8 minutes by the time and when I got to school my heart was still pumping pretty hard.
A healthy body is needed for studying and working, and efficiency (效率) is the key to building a great body in the least amount (数量) of time possible and you can’t get more efficient than a 4-minute workout.
小题1:We can learn from the passage that the author ______.
A．is busy with his workB．has a weak body now
C．has two children in allD．is a manager in a film
小题2:The underlined phrase “went to town” in Paragraph 2 means “_______”.
A．put off doing somethingB．went to a very small city
C．did something with interestD．hated to do something
小题3:What is the most important thing in taking exercise according to the author?
A．The goalB．the qualityC．The quantityD．The method
Seven Health Facts about Coffee
When you’re considering your morning coffee, here are some health facts to keep in mind:
1. Coffee Reduces Your Risk of Diabetes (糖尿病)
In a 2005 review of nine studies, researchers found that for those that drank four to six cups of coffee per day, versus only two or fewer, their risk for Type 2 diabetes decreased by almost 30 percent. The number decreased by 35 percent when people drank more than six cups per day. And if you’re picturing yourself running around the office with your eyes bugging out of your head, no worries because caffeinated and decaffeinated coffees provided much the same results.
2. Coffee Fights Free Radicals (自由基)
We often forget that coffee is actually a plant and like all plant foods, the coffee bean contains more than 1,000 naturally occurring substances called phytochemicals, which may help prevent disease. Many of these phytochemicals are antioxidants which protect the cells from damage from free radicals.
3. Coffee Improves Memory and Cognition
Researchers reported that volunteers who drank caffeinated coffee in the morning performed better than nondrinkers on tests that involved learning new information. Coffee can also improve cognitive function as we age. One study found that combining coffee with a sweet treat had an even bigger impact.
4. Coffee Can Increase Osteoporosis (骨质疏松)
It’s true that coffee can cause the body to excrete calcium in urine. We don’t want the body to rid itself of calcium because this can lead to osteoporosis. According to The Diet Channel, about five milligrams of calcium is lost per every six ounces of coffee consumed. But these calcium losses can be counter balanced with two tablespoons of milk or yogurt per cup of coffee.
5. Coffee Causes Wrinkles
Even though coffee has antioxidants, if you drink too much of it, it can cause wrinkling of the skin. This is a result of dehydration (脱水) which is the worst thing for your skin. So when you’re drinking that morning cup or two, make sure that you’re pairing it with water. Even better, add one tablespoon of chia seeds to your water and let them sit for 30 minutes. The chia seeds keep you even more hydrated than regular water.
6. Coffee Can Actually Cause Weight Gain
The blood sugar changes that a caffeine high produces can contribute enormously to a strong desire for it, according to iVillage. Coffee is also socially connected to food. For example, we pair coffee with dessert or that morning powdered doughnut. Additionally, when we crash from our caffeine high that’s when we reach for all sorts of fatty snacks to keep us going.
7. Conventional Coffee Is Laden with Pesticides (杀虫剂)
The coffee plant is one of the most heavily sprayed crops. It’s coated with chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides, nothing you’d want to be swallowing. If you do drink coffee, make sure that it’s the organic variety, free from assorted chemicals that leech into our ground water and can make us sick down the road.
If you switch to decaffeinated coffee, make sure the caffeine (咖啡因) is removed in a natural way without the use of chemicals to do it. Often times, conventional decaffeinated coffee has more chemicals than regular.
小题1:   If you want to decrease the risk of diabetes by 35%, you need to take at least _____ cups of     coffee every day.
A．seven B．six C．fiveD．four
小题2:If you are a heavy drinker of coffee, a far better way to avoid wrinkling of your skin is to drink water _____.
A．less than usualB．regularly C．with sugarD．with chia seeds
小题3:   Which of the following statements is wrong?
A．Adding two spoons of milk to a cup of coffee can prevent calcium losses.
B．Decaffeinated coffee has different effects from caffeinated coffee as to diabetes.
C．Many phytochemicals protect the cells from damage from free radicals.
D．The organic variety of coffee plant is free from assorted chemicals.
小题4:   The author has a/an _____ attitude towards drinking of coffee.
A．positiveB．negativeC．objectiveD．imaginative
If you don’t have a college degree, you’re at greater risk of developing memory problems or even Alzheimer’s (老年痴呆). Education plays a key role in lifelong memory performance and risk for mental disorder, and it's well documented that those with a college degree possess a cognitive（认知的） advantage over those less educated in middle and old age.
Now, a large national study from Brandeis University published in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry shows that those with less schooling can significantly make up for poorer education by frequently engaging in mental exercises such as word games, puzzles, reading, and lectures.
“The lifelong benefits of higher education for memory in later life are quite impressive, but we do not clearly understand how and why these effects last so long,” said lead author Margie Lachman, a psychologist. She suggested that higher education may encourage lifelong interest in cognitive efforts, while those with less education may not engage as frequently in mental exercises that help keep the memory agile (敏捷地).
But education early in adulthood does not appear to be the only route to maintain your memory. The study found that intellectual activities undertaken regularly made a difference. “Among individuals with low education, those who are engaged in reading, writing, attending lectures, doing word games or puzzles once a week or more had memory scores similar to people with more education,” said Lachman.
The study, called Midlife in the United States, assessed 3,343 men and women between the ages of 32 and 84 with an average age of 56 years. Almost 40 percent of the participants had at least a 4-year college degree. The researchers evaluated how the participants performed in two cognitive areas, verbal (言语的)memory and executive function --- brain processes involved in planning, abstract thinking and cognitive flexibility. Participants were given a series of tests, including tests of verbal fluency, word recall, and backward counting.
As expected, those with higher education said they engaged in cognitive activities more often and also did better on the memory tests, but some with lower education also did well, explained Lachman.
“The findings are promising because they suggest there may be ways to level the playing field for those with lower educational achievement, and protect those at greatest risk for memory declines,” said Lachman. “Although we can not rule out the possibility that those who have better memories are the ones who take on more activities, the evidence is consistent with cognitive plasticity (可塑性), and suggests some degree of personal control over cognitive functioning in adulthood by adopting an intellectually active lifestyle.”
小题1: What is the text mainly about?
A．Higher education has a better cognitive advantage.
B．Better memories result from college degree.
C．Cognitive activity does good to one’s mind.
D．Poor education has more risk of memory declines.
小题2:According to the result of Margie Lachman’s study, we can conclude that ________.
A．education is responsible for the lifelong memory performance and risk for mental disorder
B．education early in adulthood can be the only route to maintain your memory
C．those with higher education did better on the memory tests than those with lower education
D．an intellectually active lifestyle does help to maintain your memory
小题3: What do we know about the study called Midlife?
A．Participants each were given a battery to test their memory.
B．The average age of the participants are 56 years old.
C．Participants had to perform in one of the two cognitive areas.
D．One in four of the participants had a 4-year college degree.
小题4:Why are the findings of the Lachman’s study promising?
A．The lower educated may have the same opportunities to keep up memory.
B．We may have ways to cure the people who have memory declines.
C．Adopting a different lifestyle can control cognitive functioning.
D．We can find out the possibility to have better memories.
Treatment for HIV has become more widespread, especially in poorer countries. It's also become cheaper, as medicine companies have lowered their prices for life-saving anti-retroviral drugs(抗逆转录病毒药物). But these drugs are still expensive and many countries are looking to create the biggest impact with limited resources. That's where World Health Organization guidelines come in, says Rochelle Walensky, a disease researcher from Harvard.
Walensky and her colleagues used computer programs to model the most cost-effective disease interventions(干预), as well as collected data from clinics in Africa and India about what works best. They found that among the choices of what to do first, earlier anti-retroviral therapy (疗法)improved five-year survival dramatically and resulted in the longer life expectancy. But cost-effective doesn't always mean affordable, especially for governments in poor countries. Countries still have to make difficult choices about how much treatment they can afford.
People in Nairobi, Kenya on Thursday, Dec. 9, 2010, protest a potential free trade area agreement between the EU and India that could see cheap anti-AIDS drugs phased out（逐步淘汰）. However, Walensky notes that first-line anti-retrovirals—those medicine given to newly diagnosed patients that can keep away from symptoms for years - are much cheaper than they were a decade ago. "Second-line therapy have come down quite a bit but not to the level of first-line and countries are having a hard time affording them and increasingly over time, people are going to fail first-line therapy and they're going second-line therapy and then, eventually, they're going to need third-line therapy, some of them."
According to Walensky, history has shown that drug prices can come down when international pressure is applied to drug makers. But for now, she says, countries should focus on treating as many people as they can, as early as possible
Her paper is published in the online journal PLoS Medicine.
小题1: Which is the best title for the passage?
A．HIV Has Spread in Poorer Countries
B．Rochelle Walensky’s Life
C．International Pressure to Drug Makers
D．Early HIV Treatment Saves Lives
小题2: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Anti-retroviral drugs have become cheap now.
B．The cost-effective treatment may be a heavy expense.
C．Cheap anti-AIDS drugs have been phased out .
D．First-line therapy deals with the most severe disease.
小题3: The research is done by         .
A．using computer programs and collecting data from clinics
B．giving medicine to newly diagnosed patients with AIDS
C．urging countries to focus on treating more patients earlier
D．publishing her paper in the online journal PLoS Medicine
小题4: The passage serves as a（n）___________ to Rochelle Walensky 's study.
A．assessmentB．commentC．introductionD．background
Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house．A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health．This new theory argues that healing （the process of becoming healthy and strong again） is at our fingertips：we can be healthy by doing Reiki on a regular basis．

Supporters of medical treatment argue that medicine should be trusted since it is effective and scientifically proven．They say that there is no need for spiritual methods such as Reiki, Yoga，Tai Chi．These waste our time，something that is quite precious in our material world．There is medicine that can kill our pain and x-rays that show us our broken bones．We must admit that these methods are very effective in the examples that they provide．However, there are some “everyday complaints”such as back pains，headaches，which are treated currently with medicine．When you have a headache，you take an Aspirin；when you cannot sleep，you take Xanax without thinking of the side effects of these．When you use these pills for a long period，you become dependent on them；you cannot sleep without them．We pay huge amounts of money but never get better．How about a safer and more economical way of healing?When doing Reiki to yourself，you do not need anything except your energy so it is very economical．Also，there are no side effects and it is scientifically explained．
They also claim that serious illnesses such as HIV／AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without drugs．They think so because these patients spend the rest of their lives in the hospital taking medicine．How can Reiki make these people healthy again? It is very unfortunate that these patients have to live in the hospital losing their hair and weight because of the side effects of the medicine they take．Actually，instead of drugs which are expensive and have many side effects，you can use your energy to overcome the hardships of life，find an emotional balance，leave the stress of everyday life and let go of the everyday worries．
Some people may still hold that in our material world，everything depends on time．How
would it be possible to find time to do Reiki?In fact，Reiki does not require more than 15 minutes of our time．It is less time consuming than medicine if we think of all the time we spend taking medicine for some complaints and taking some more for the side effects as well．
小题1:The author's attitude towards Reiki is        ．
A．uninterestedB．serious
C．positiveD．doubtful
小题2:Which statement does the passage lead you to believe?
A．Reiki will soon become the most popular exercise around the world．
B．Reiki is an effective treatment but not scientifically explained．
C．Reiki can make people less dependent on drugs．
D．Reiki is a kind of cheap drug but works well．
小题3:How many advantages of Reiki are mentioned in the last two paragraphs?
A．One．B．Three．C．Five．D．Seven．
小题4:Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? 
A．A New Way of Treating Illness．
B．Health and Healing at Your Fingers．
C．The Advantages and Disadvantages of Reiki．
D．The Advantages and Disadvantages of Medicine．
I clearly remember my mom telling me to drink milk every day—one glass in the morning and another at night. I also remember loving it while my sister thought quite the opposite—she would surreptitiously pour her milk into the sink or water the plants with it! I guess I should thank my mom for making us drink a lot of milk, so rich in calcium(钙), during those important years.
Today, calcium shortage is one of the main concerns of women in their 30s or even early 20s. The great fear is that when we reach our 50s or 60s, osteoprosis(骨质疏松症)will set in. That is why you can see a lot of advertisements for products supposedly containing a lot of calcium.
Because calcium is not that easy to acquire from the food we normally eat, busy women these days should take calcium supplements(补充物). There are a lot of different forms of these---calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)，oyster(牡蛎)shell or bone-meal-based calcium supplements.
You have to be careful when choosing which kind to take. This is because calcium is not easily absorbed by the body. So the fact that you are taking supplements doesn’t mean that the body is actually benefiting from them. Different supplements may have different instructions on dosage(剂量)and manner of intake. You can ask your doctor to help you determine which supplement is the best for your needs.
小题1:From what the author’s mother did we may infer that___________________.
A．her children had osteoporosis
B．she knew her children would benefit from milk
C．she must have suffered from osteorosis
D．she didn’t like her daughter who didn’t obey her order
小题2: Based on the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A．The author’s sister will suffer from osteoprosis when reaches her 50s or 60s
B．Many businessmen have already been selling products supposedly containing calcium.
C．We can’t get enough calcium only from food we eat every day
D．Women as young as their 20s should be concerned about calcium shortage
小题3:What does the underlined word “surreptitiously” in the first paragraph probably mean?
A．HonestlyB．FranklyC．SecretlyD．Curiously
小题4:We may infer from the last paragraph that____________________.
A．what one chooses as a calcium supplement might not work
B．one shouldn’t take in calcium without the permission of a doctor
C．the more calcium supplements one uses, the more calcium one can take in
D．it is dangerous to use calcium supplements without the guidance

“Love your neighbor as yourself" is a saying familiar to most of us. It means that you must have he ability to love and accept yourself in order to form and keep satisfying relationship with others self-esteem means accepting yourself for who you really are, and believing that you are indeed a ivdrthwhile person who is deserving of love and respect from others.
Self-esteem is our sense of how good we feel about ourselves. It is based on our judgment of urselves, not on other people's assessment, but simply on our own. Our self-esteem is not efaendent on our talent. Some very ordinary people feel very good about themselves, while other extranordinarily high achievers hold low opintions of themselves.
Self-esteem is the primary key to long-term stress managerment. Why? The first three sourees of stress are: predictable life event, unexpected changes and build-up of daily stresscs, These are much easier to handle when we believe in ourselves, A postive, healthy self-estcem gives us the “hardiness”(强健) to deal with the difficulities of life, and to see them as challenges to be met, rather than threals to be feared.
The forth category of streesons is entirely the result of a low self-esteem. It is the category of stress that is most common and tiring over the long run. This kind of stress cannol be overcome, or evenchanged, until the self-exteem problems that cause it are corrected.
Learning to love yourself for who y ou are is the key to overcoming stress. Self-esteem comes form the self, and cannot be promoted by others. A person who fecls that his self-estecm comes from the approval of those around him or her is bound to self-destruct(自毁), One cannot keep the level of “performance” required to please everyone else, especially if that performance disagrees with who you are and is simply a facade that makes you popular with the world. When the applause is gone, there is nothing left.
Only those who can feel the strength of knowing who they are and those who can feel good about that will survive the stresses of life. Sef-esteem is the basis of contentment and positive living.
58． What is self-csteem?
A．A kind of positive lifestyle.
B．The impression we have on other people.
C．Our sense of how good we feel about ourselves.
D．Our understanding of how we are seen by others.
59．What is the key to overcoming stress according to the passage?
A．Removing yourself from stressful situation．
B．Learning to love yourself for who you are．
C．Facing the stress and dealing with it．
D．Getting help from friends．
60．What does the underlined word "facade" （in Para 5） mean?
A．A false appearance．   B．A big worry．
C．A wrong action．       D．A strange feeling．
61．The passage is written to ______．
A．tell people how to overcome stress
B．help people form good relationship with others
C．show the importance of feeling good about yourself
D．provide the different methods to get a clear view of yourself

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