题目内容

【题目】读下面的文字,完成问题。

宇宙之谜:只剩下为数不多的细节

李淼

没有什么谜语比写在天上的更加巨大了。我们的宇宙存在了多长时间?它由什么组成?宇宙中的结构是怎么一步一步地形成的?这些不同的能量成分的起源是什么?最后,时间和空间的本质是什么?

最近欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星让我们更加接近了这些巨大谜语的答案。

最近十年来,宇宙学家掌握的宇宙的细节超出了过去整个宇宙学史所掌握的,几乎可以给出一个精确的宇宙进化史,只剩下不多的细节了。各种不同的天文学观测手段对我们的知识做出了贡献,宇宙学家尤其喜欢谈论WMAP,这是一个在太空中观测宇宙中无所不在的射电信号的航天器。

这两年,大家的注意力和谈话内容转移到了欧洲发射的普朗克卫星,这颗卫星的寿命虽然比WMAP短,但造价更高,能力更强。2013年3月21日,欧洲航天局和普朗克卫星科学工作组第一次发布了研究成果,全世界的宇宙学家正忙于解读这些成果。

最初的宇宙学

哥白尼伽利略牛顿解开太阳系之谜之后,天文学家和物理学家是上世纪才慢慢解开宇宙之谜的。

哈勃等人先发现银河系不是整个宇宙,后来,哈勃又发现银河系之外的遥远的天体相对我们作退行运动。哈勃用类似的方式发现了河外星系和宇宙膨胀,但他得出的宇宙膨胀速度比现在大了近十倍,这和当时测量距离的粗糙方式有关。即使测量非常不准确,但不妨碍他的定性结论的正确性:远离我们的星系相对我们的退行速度与距离成正比。

自然,理论家总是历史中的先知。在哈勃发现哈勃定律之前的十年,第一代宇宙学家在爱因斯坦的时空理论的基础上发现了宇宙膨胀的规律,亚历山大弗里德曼在1922年从爱因斯坦方程解出宇宙膨胀解,1927年,工程师兼神父勒梅特也发现了膨胀宇宙解,他干脆建议宇宙起源于一个原初原子,起源于这个原初原子的大爆炸。勒梅特的理论非常接近宇宙学的现代理论了。

当然,最先研究宇宙学的还是爱因斯坦,可惜他引进了一个静态宇宙,为了这个静态宇宙,他还引进了宇宙学常数,这个常数现在普遍被称为暗能量,因为在爱因斯坦那里,这个常数就是真空能量,在现代宇宙学理论中,这个能量可能更加复杂,不只是一个常数。它是不是常数,现在还是一个巨大的难题。

大爆炸理论

在更大的尺度上,宇宙虽然在膨胀,但天体的退行速度不严格遵循哈勃定律。宇宙的膨胀速度与宇宙中的能量组成有关,例如,普通物质使得宇宙膨胀的速度慢慢变慢,而暗能量会引起无所不在的斥力,使得宇宙膨胀的速度慢慢变大。当然,由于爱因斯坦的时空理论,不论在哪种情形,非常遥远的天体的退行速度不严格与距离成正比,宇宙学家有一整套公式可以用来计算这些退行速度。

正是由于我们对理论的熟知,导致1990年代末发现暗能量,此时,哈勃用的造父变星已经不够用了,天文学家用非常遥远的超新星确定了宇宙膨胀的速度在加速!这个发现震撼了整个天文界和物理界,发现的三个主要人物在2011年获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

在发现宇宙加速膨胀之前,物理学家早就建立了当时认为的成熟的宇宙学。这个宇宙学理论认为,我们的宇宙起源于一个发生在大约一百亿年前的大爆炸。在发生大爆炸的时候,宇宙还很小,物质密度异常高,也没有天体,只有一锅等离子原始电浆,里面什么粒子都有。

这个理论是伽莫夫等人在1948年就提出来的,他们预言了几个轻元素在宇宙中的丰度,还预言了宇宙中无所不在的射电波,后来被称为宇宙微波背景辐射。

(摘编自2013年4月4日《南方周末》,作者系中科院理论物理所研究员)

【1】下列对作品内容的概括与分析,不正确的两项是 )(

A.近十年来,宇宙学家掌握的宇宙的细节超出了过去整个宇宙学史所掌握的,因此,能给出一个完整精确的宇宙进化史。

B.作为航天器的WMAP深受宇宙学家们的喜欢,它可以在太空中观测宇宙中无所不在的射电信号。

C.由于测量距离的关系,哈勃得出的宇宙膨胀速度与实际相差甚远,但他的退行运动的定性结论是正确的。

D.普通物质使宇宙膨胀速度变慢,暗能量则使宇宙膨胀速度变大,这说明宇宙中的能量组成影响不了宇宙的膨胀速度。

E.虽然遥远的天体的退行速度不严格遵循哈勃定律,但宇宙学家还是可以计算出这些退行速度。

2结合全文,简要概括因为在爱因斯坦那里,这个常数就是真空能量这句话的含义并分析其语言特色。

3精读最初的宇宙学部分,简述宇宙学理论的发展脉络。

【答案】

【1】AD

【2】含义:由于时代与条件的限制,爱因斯坦引进了静态宇宙观,在他看来宇宙学常数就是真空能量,但在现代宇宙学理论中,这个常数普遍被称为暗能量,这个能量可能更加复杂,是不是一个常数,现在还是一个巨大的难题。(2分)语言特色:加上在爱因斯坦看来这一限制语,符合实际情况,体现了科普文语言严谨准确的特点。(2分)

【3】爱因斯坦引进暗能量(静态宇宙与宇宙学常数)等理论,并提出真空能量概念。亚历山大弗里德曼、勒梅特等第一代宇宙学家(在爱因斯坦的时空理论的基础上)发现了宇宙膨胀规律,勒梅特还提出了宇宙起源于一个原初原子大爆炸的理论,已非常接近宇宙学的现代理论。哈勃等人先后发现银河系不是整个宇宙、银河系之外的遥远的天体相对我们作退行运动及河外星系与宇宙膨胀,并给出了定性结论。哥白尼伽利略牛顿解开太阳系之谜后,天文学家和物理学家慢慢解开了宇宙之谜。(每小点1分,符合顺序得2分)答案可简化为:引进暗能量,提出真空能量概念;发现了宇宙膨胀规律,提出了大爆炸的理论;发现银河系不是整个宇宙、银河系之外的遥远的天体相对我们作退行运动及河外星系与宇宙膨胀,并给出了定性结论;相继解开太阳系之谜与宇宙之谜。

【解析】

【1】题中,A项错误在于,原文是几乎可以,也不是完整的,且有强加因果之嫌;D 项错误在于,由原文宇宙的膨胀速度与宇宙中的能量组成有关,例如,普通物质使得宇宙膨胀的速度慢慢变慢,而暗能量会引起无所不在的斥力,使得宇宙膨胀的速度慢慢变大倒推出:普通物质使宇宙膨胀速度变慢,暗能量则使宇宙膨胀速度变大,这说明宇宙的膨胀速度与宇宙中的能量组成有关。即会受到影响。

【2】解答此题,要注意题目中含义语言特色两个词。解答含义,要包括时代与条件的限制静态宇宙观宇宙学常数现代宇宙学理论暗能量是不是一个常数,现在还是一个巨大的难题等意思。再赏析语言特色时,可从这句话的限制语、严谨准确等方面分析。

【3】回答本题,要根据文本,抓住几个关键阶段,比如:爱因斯坦引进暗能量、亚历山大弗里德曼、勒梅特等发现宇宙膨胀规律、哈勃等人先后发现银河系不是整个宇宙、天文学家和物理学家慢慢解开了宇宙之谜等。)

练习册系列答案
相关题目

【题目】根据短文内容,从短文前的选项中为每段选出最佳的段落大意。选项中有一项是多余项。

A. One small step you can take now.

B. Doing something for the future.

C. Living more simply.

D. Save earth's natural resources.

E. Change your lifestyle completely and buy what you like.

F. Environmental friendly lifestyle and consumer choice.

1 __________

What is sustainable living? It’s living more simply where “simply” may be defined as “regularly”. It does nothowever, mean that you go pack your backpack and tent and go live in the woods. It does not mean you stop eating meat and go vegetarian. It does not mean you give up the finer things in life. In plain words, living more simply is doing without the unnecessary things that you constantly surround your-self.

2 __________

Try to stick to a more earth-friendly lifestyle. You can go on ahead and buy the car of your dream(if you must!), but go slow on the gas pedal. You can cook all the food that you want but make sure nothing goes to waste. Go on and buy organicvegetable, but wouldn't it be better if you grow one in your backyard? Not buying anything ever again is not what sustainable living is. It is about weighing the pros and cons before buying any product with regards to how much you need it9 its impact on the environment and consideration about alternative products that are greener. Limit yourself.

3 __________

What is sustainable living? It is conserving the earth's natural resources for the futre generations. The earth's natural resources have been on the decline since man came to be. It has been said that the price of progress is the earth's natural wealth. Do you even know what the natural resources are? It is anything that is not man -made air, water, landplants, animals, fossil and more. As a responsible citizen of the world, you must take measures on saving our natural resources. This is not to say that you stop driving a fuel-powered car. Ask yourself these simple questions. Do you really need to take a long bath on a daily basis? Wouldn't a quick shower do?

4 __________

What is sustainable living? It is not focusing your attention on the past but doing something for the future. Start conserving energy. Save water! Aim for cleaner air! Buy only what you need when you need it. Use.Reuse. Recycle. What is sustainable living?It is doable. Each constructive action at your person-al and family level will eventually have an impact on the community you live and the rest of the world.

5 __________

We are all searching for ways to lessen our impact on the environment and do our bit for the planet. The best ways to achieve this are by taking small steps and doing things that are achievable and realistic.

【题目】A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had ______ a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well _____ it, he told him that was all he wanted.

As Graduation Day ______, the young man awaited ______ that his father had purchased the car. ______, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a ______ wrapped gift box.

Curious, but somewhat ______, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.

Angrily, he raised his ______ to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He shouted and then ______ out of the house.

Many years passed and the young man was very ______ in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but ______ his father was very old, he thought perhaps he ______ go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day.

Before he could make ______, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and ______ all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.

When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He to ______ through his father's important papers and saw a gift a ______ wrapped book, just as he had ______ it years ago. With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the ______. His father underlined a verse,”…know how to give good gifts to your children…”

As he was reading, a car key ______ from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his ______, and the words "PAID IN FULL".

【1】A. designed B. possessed C. admired D. booked

【2】 A. afford B. support C. offer D. manage

【3】 A. arrived B. approached C. ended D. closed

【4】 A. signals B. signs C. promises D. agreements

【5】 A. Gradually B. Hopefully C. Luckily D. Finally

【6】 A. beautifully B. strangely C. commonly D. fairly

【7】 A. amazed B. annoyed C. surprised D. disappointed

【8】 A. head B. hands C. voice D. eyes

【9】 A. slipped B. stormed C. broke D. stepped

【10】 A. interested B. generous C. successful D. professional

【11】 A. remembered B. reminded C. refused D. realized

【12】 A. would B. could C. should D. might

【13】 A. get B. pass C. follow D. search

【14】 A. restricted B. abandoned C. willed D. donated

【15】 A. get B. pass C. follow D. search

【16】 A. still B. already C. even D. ever

【17】 A. delivered B. left C. imagined D. found

【18】 A. pages passages C. words D. pictures

【19】 A. occurred B. turned C. dropped D. extended

【20】 A. wedding B. graduation C. return D. birthday

【题目】阅读下文,完成各题。

永远膨胀下去的宇宙的未来相当乏味。但是一点也不能肯定宇宙是否会永远膨胀。我们只有大约为使宇宙坍缩的需要密度十分之一的确定证据。然而,可能还有其他种类的暗物质,还未被我们探测到,它会使宇宙的平均密度达到或超过临界值。这种附加的暗物质必须位于星系或星系团之外。否则的话,我们就应觉察到了它对星系旋转或星系团中星系运动的效应。

为什么我们应该认为,也许存在足够的暗物质,使宇宙最终坍缩呢?为什么我们不能只相信我们已有确定证据的物质呢?其理由在于,哪怕宇宙现在只具有十分之一的临界密度,都需要不可思议地仔细选取初始的密度和膨胀率。如果在大爆炸后一秒钟宇宙的密度大了一万亿分之一,宇宙就会在十年后坍缩。另一方面,如果那时宇宙的密度小于同一个量,宇宙在大约十年后就变成基本上空无一物。

宇宙的初始密度为什么被这么仔细地选取呢?也许存在某种原因,使得宇宙必须刚好具有临界密度。看来可能存在两种解释。一种是所谓的人择原理,它可被重述如下:宇宙之所以是这种样子,是因为否则的话,我们就不会在这里观测它。其思想是,可能存在许多具有不同密度的不同宇宙。只有那些非常接近临界密度的能存活得足够久并包含足够形成恒星和行星的物质。只有在那些宇宙中才有智慧生物去诘问这样的问题:密度为什么这么接近于临界密度?如果这就是宇宙现在密度的解释,则没有理由去相信宇宙包含有比我们已探测到的更多物质。十分之一的临界密度对于星系和恒星的形成已经足够。

然而,许多人不喜欢人择原理,因为它似乎太倚重于我们自身的存在。这样就有人对为何密度应这么接近于临界值寻求另外可能的解释。这种探索导致极早期宇宙的暴涨理论。其思想是宇宙的尺度曾经不断地加倍过,正如在遭受极端通货膨胀的国家每隔几个月价格就加倍一样。然而,宇宙的暴涨更迅猛更极端得多:在一个微小的暴涨中尺度的至少一千亿亿亿倍的增加,会使宇宙这么接近于准确的临界密度,以至于现在仍然非常接近于临界密度。这样,如果暴涨理论是正确的,宇宙就应包含足够的暗物质,使得密度达到临界值。这意味着,宇宙最终可能会坍缩,但是这个时间不会比迄今已经膨胀过的一百五十亿年左右长太多。

【1】下列对宇宙“临界密度”的理解,不正确的一项是( )

A.宇宙密度的临界值很重要,大于它或者小于它最终都会导致宇宙膨胀而产生大爆炸。

B.为何宇宙必须刚好具有临界密度,人择原理和暴涨理论都是两种可能的解释。

C.如果宇宙的平均密度超过临界密度,那么宇宙就会坍缩。

D.如果宇宙的密度小于临界密度,它就不会坍缩而会永远膨胀下去。

2下列对“人择理论”的理解,正确的一项是( )

A.人择原理的提出是人们通过对宇宙的观测从而得出的理论。

B.人择理论者认为只有那些有智慧生物的宇宙,因为密度接近于临界密度,所以才得以“存活”。

C.人择原理实际上就是对宇宙密度的人为确定,因此宇宙密度也可以任意改变。

D.人择原理实际上就是从现行的宇宙状况出发去认识宇宙的临界密度,其思想即“存在就是合理的”。

3下列说法,不符合文意的一项是( )

A.暴涨理论反对人择理论那种对人们自身存在的过分倚重,而对宇宙的临界密度寻求另外可能的解释。

B.根据暴涨理论,宇宙的密度就是在一次次迅猛、极端的暴涨中接近于准确的临界密度。

C.如果暴涨理论是正确的,那么在星系和星系团之外可能存在着其他种类的暗物质。

D.现在的宇宙“安然无恙”既没膨胀也没坍缩,处于一种“稳定状态”。

【题目】President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama ended their first trip to India on Monday. The First Couple set off on the ten-day tour of Asia on Friday. Obama’s goals for the tour are to improve ties between the US and the region, and to promote (促进) economic growth and job creation. The President and his team will return to Washington, D.C. on November 14.

The Obamas began their trip in Mumbai, India, the financial and economic center of the country, on November 6. There, they met with government officials, business leaders and school groups. Up first on the schedule was a visit to a memorial at the TajMahal Palace and Tower Hotel. Obama’s second day in India was lighter than the first. The Presidential visit took place on Diwali, or the Festival of Lights. The five-day religious festival is celebrated each year by Hindus, Sikhs and others. The Obamas spent the holiday visiting with local schoolchildren.

On Monday, Michelle Obama joined 15 Indian school girls on a field trip to a museum of Indian craft work. During the tour, the First Lady stressed to the students the importance of education. Most of the children on the trip are the first girls in their families to attend school. Mrs Obama also encouraged the young women to stay fit, telling them that she likes to exercise because “women have to stay strong”.

Early tomorrow, the Obamas will travel to Indonesia, the country in which the President spent four years as a boy. After that, they will fly to Seoul, South Korea, to attend the Group of Twenty, or G-20, economic summit. The conference brings together leaders from 20 wealthy and developing nations and the European Union. They meet twice a year to address challenges that affect the global economy.

The final leg of the tour will be in Japan, where Obama will attend the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.

【1】 According to Paragraph 1, what are the goals for the ten-day tour?

a. To improve ties between the US and Asia.

b. To do sight-seeing in the countries.

c. To help economy grow faster.

d. To help create more jobs.

A. abc

B. acd

C. ad

D. abcd

【2】What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A. What the First Couple did in India.

B. How long the First Couple stayed in India.

C. Introduction to a traditional holiday in India.

D. What the First Couple thought of their tour in India.

【3】 During the field trip to a museum of Indian craft work, the First Lady _____.

A. asked why only the first girls could go to school

B. told the students the importance of craft work

C. explained why women must stay strong

D. encouraged the students to study hard

【4】 We can know from the passage that Mr Obama _____.

A. will stay in Indonesia for four days

B. will stay in Japan for the shortest time

C. hasn’t attended the Group of Twenty before

D. will attend an important conference in Seoul

【5】 How many countries does the First Couple plan to visit in total in their tn-day tour in Asia?

A. 3.

B. 4.

C. 5.

D. 6.

【题目】阅读下面的文字,完成题。

一切传统都是过去的东西,但并非一切过去的东西都是传统。可是,过去确系传统的一个重要特征,我们不能离开过去与现在的关系而谈传统。

传统都有其原本,原本是传统的始发言行。传统的始发言行有其特定的原初行动者、特定的受动者,还有其特定的叫作参照系的现实环境。在传统的原本中,所有这些都是特定的、不能代替的。

随着时间的推移和历史的进展,原本逐步地被认为是具有权威性的、天经地义的、带有信仰性质的东西而为群体所接受,成为凝聚群体的力量,这样,原本也就逐步地形成为传统。特别值得注意的是,传统逐步形成的过程也是一个逐步远离原本的过程。这里所说的远离,是指原初行动者、受动者和当时的参照系已消失而成为过去。这样,传统在形成过程中就取得了相对独立于原本所处的参照系以及原初说话人、原初受话人的自主性。

正是这种远离或自主性,打破了原本的限制,扩大了原本的范围,丰富了原本的含义。这里的关键在于解释。在新的参照系之下对原本作新的解释,这就是传统远离原本的原因。任何一个写下来的作品,一旦公之于世,它就是向广大的人群说话,不仅是向同时代人说话,而且是向后来人说话。作为受话人的读者不仅有同时代人,而且有后来人。读者可以对写作的原本作出各不相同的回应,这些回应都是根据读者自己所处的参照系对原本所作的新解释。可以说,传统的原本在形成为传统的过程中,不断地参照变化了的环境。在后来的一连串读者面前展开一系列不断更新的世界。写作的原本是如此,行动的原本也是这样。传统的行动痕迹往往出乎原初行动者的始料之所及,自有后来人的评说——解释。

这样看,传统形成的过程本身便是一个传统不断更新、不断开放、不断壮大的过程。传统本来就具有两面性,它在形成和发展过程中,既因新的参照系与之相摩擦而不断更新自己,又因其偏执性而抗拒摩擦,力图使自身永恒化。可以说,传统既是摩擦的结果,又是对摩擦的抗拒。那种把传统一味看成凝固不变而无更新的观点是错误的、不符合史实的。因此,在对待传统的问题上,我们应当根据新的参照系,对旧传统作出新的评价和解释,这样才能使传统展开为有生命的东西。

(选自张世英《我看国学——传统与现代》,有删改)

从原文看,下列对原本的理解,正确的一项是(

A.原本是传统的具有特定原初行动者、受动者、参照系的始发言行。

B.原本指权威性的、天经地义的、带有信仰性质的凝聚群体的东西。

C.原本是原初行动者、受动者和参照系已消失并成为过去的过程。

D.原本指有自主性的相对独立于原初参照系、说话人、受话人的传统。

违法和不良信息举报电话:027-86699610 举报邮箱:58377363@163.com

精英家教网