题目内容

计算下列各式:
(1)
1
a-b
+
1
a+b
+
2a
a2+b2
+
4a3
a4+b4

(2)
x2+yz
x2+(y-z)x-yz
+
y2-zx
y2+(z+x)y+zx
+
z2+xy
z2-(x-y)z-xy

(3)
x3-1
x3+2x2+2x+1
+
x3+1
x3-2x2+2x-1
-
2(x2+1)
x2-1

(4)
(y-x)(z-x)
(x-2y+z)(x+y-2z)
+
(z-y)(x-y)
(x+y-2z)(y+z-2x)
+
(x-z)(y-z)
(y+z-2x)(x-2y+z)
分析:(1)运用平方差公式分步通分;
(2)将各分式拆项,再两两抵消即可得出结果;
(3)先将各分式分解因式约分,再通分计算;
(4)注意到分母与分子的项与项之间的关系,如x-2y+z=(x-y)-(y-z),采用换元法简化式子.
解答:解:(1)
1
a-b
+
1
a+b
+
2a
a2+b2
+
4a3
a4+b4

=
2a
a2-b2
+
2a
a2+b2
+
4a3
a4+b4

=
4a3
a4-b4
+
4a3
a4+b4

=
8a7
a8-b8

(2)
x2+yz
x2+(y-z)x-yz
+
y2-zx
y2+(z+x)y+zx
+
z2+xy
z2-(x-y)z-xy

=
x(x-z)+z(x+y)
(x+y)(x-z)
+
y(x+y)-x(y+z)
(x+y)(y+z)
+
z(y+z)-y(z-x)
(z-x)(y+z)

=
x
x+y
+
z
x-z
+
y
y+z
-
x
x+y
-
z
x-z
-
y
y+z

=0;
(3)
x3-1
x3+2x2+2x+1
+
x3+1
x3-2x2+2x-1
-
2(x2+1)
x2-1

=
(x-1)(x2+x+1)
(x+1)(x2+x+1)
+
(x+1)(x2-x+1)
(x-1)(x2-x+1)
-
2(x2+1)
(x+1)(x-1)

=
x-1
x+1
+
x+1
x-1
-
2(x2+1)
(x+1)(x-1)

=0;
(4)设x-y=a,y-z=b,z-x=c,则
(y-x)(z-x)
(x-2y+z)(x+y-2z)
+
(z-y)(x-y)
(x+y-2z)(y+z-2x)
+
(x-z)(y-z)
(y+z-2x)(x-2y+z)

=-
ac
(a-b)(b-c)
-
ab
(b-c)(c-a)
-
cb
(c-a)(a-b)

=-
ac(c-a)+ab(a-b)+bc(b-c)
(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)

=
(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)
(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)

=1.
点评:本题考查了分式的加减运算,难度较大.因各分式复杂,故须观察各式中分母的特点,恰当运用通分的相关策略与技巧.
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