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Filmmakers in Hollywood produce hundreds of films each year and audiences around the world watch them. In many films, characters smoke cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. In the past, researchers have documented how adolescents in the United States are influenced by watching those images of smoking on the screen. They found that kids who watch many movies where characters smoke are more likely to try smoking themselves.

Dr. James Sargent, a researcher with Dartmouth University Medical School in New Hampshire, says those research findings are strong and reliable, but he says that many people are unconvinced when they hear that movies might contribute to adolescent smoking. “How can movies be to blame for a third of adolescent smoking when there’s only, you know, 30 seconds to a minute of smoking in every movie? So what we wanted to do with this study was really range the exposure for people so that they understood how much exposure kids really get when it comes to seeing these actors modeling smoking on the big screen.”

Sargent and some international colleagues counted how often images of smoking were seen by adolescents. They watched about 500 popular movies and counted the images of smoking in each. Then they multiplied that number of images by the number of adolescents estimated to have seen the films. They estimate that billions of images of smoking in American films are seen by kids around the world.

“So it is a big international problem to the extent that American movie companies are exporting smoking in youth-rated movies, the kids in other countries are seeing the smoking, and it’s positioning smoking as something they want to do,” he concludes.

Sargent says almost nothing else compares with smoking in terms of public health problems around the world. Each year millions of people die of diseases caused by smoking: lung and other cancers, heart diseases and respiratory diseases. Sargent says many of those people started smoking during their adolescent years.

“We’ve already shown pretty convincingly that seeing smoking in movies is bringing kids to the tobacco industry,” he says. “So the movie industry has some responsibility here. The movie industry could do something that would reduce smoking in youth-rated movies; they could rate smoking R (for restricted).” He notes that’s what public health activists are trying to get filmmakers to do. And if they did that, it would reduce 60 percent of growth of impressions the kids in his sample had seen.

 

Hollywood’s images of smoking encourage teens to light up

Screen 71.          are likely to encourage kid audiences to pick up smoking.

But people have different opinions about the

72.          of screen smoking on teenagers.

Many people don’t 73.          movies’ contribution to teen smoking because they think kids are not so much

74.          to screen smoking.

Others point out that the large number of smoking images in American films shows that teens see smoking on the screen very 75.          .

So American movie companies are thought to be “selling smoking” 76.          .

The number of 77.          due to smoking diseases shows that screen smoking affects public health greatly.

It is filmmakers’ 78.                   to restrict smoking in youth-rated movies.

It’s convincingly proved that seeing smoking in movies is teaching kids to form the 79.          of smoking.

If films reduce smoking images, it would reduce the

80.          that kids start smoking.

How to survive an earthquake

Indonesia is located on the edge of the volcanic ring that circles the Pacific. This means volcanoes and earthquakes, which can cause serious loss of life.

Many people there have heard suggestions of what to do in an earthquake. For instance, they are taught to stand in a doorway or, in a building, avoid the elevators and head for the stairs.

Mr. Doug Copp is an expert on earthquakes and is the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the American Rescue Team International. He has worked at every major disaster in the world since 1985. What his years of involvement have taught Doug is that when roofs and ceilings collapse they fall on objects and furniture, crushing them. Anyone hiding under a desk or a bed is always killed. However, Doug says the falling roofs and ceilings always end up forming triangle of space between the crushed object and the floor, what he refers to as Triangles Of Life. Instead of hiding under a solid object, lie on the floor next to it and you will likely have a space to survive. Doug says paper does not crush and usually where there are boxes of paper in an office building there will be a triangle space next to it.

What about the old idea of standing in a doorway because the roof falls into the room? Dough says people who stand in doorways are usually killed, too. If the door falls forwards or backwards you will get crushed by the falling ceiling. If it falls sideways you will get cut in half by the doorway.

What about stairs? Stairs have a different “moment of frequency (震动频率)” to the rest of the building and will swing back and forth until they collapse. Getting caught on a destroyed set of stairs means you will probably be injured or even killed by the different parts.

 

67. By telling Mr. Doug Copp’s rescue experiences, the writer tried to        .

A. teach people how to avoid loss of life

B. support some traditional ideas

C. make people accept some advice

D. explain what is a triangle space

68. Where will most probably a triangle space be formed?

A. Under a desk.                    B. In a doorway.

C. Next to a desk.                  D. Next to collapsed roofs.

69. If you are in bed when an earthquake happens, you should        .

A. lie close to your bed            B. hide under your bed

C. head for the stairs              D. stay where you are

70. Who has the highest probability to survive an earthquake?

A. Betty, lying besides a pile of magazines.

B. John, standing in a doorway.

C. Sarah, hiding under a sofa.

D. David, standing next to a door.

How would you like to brush a crocodile’s teeth? Or give a shark a bath? Cats are well-known for the way they keep themselves clean by licking (舔), but other animals have their own ways to stay clean as well. And tidiness can be important for their survival. Even cockroaches (蟑螂) have to keep their feelers clean to help them into food.

Many animals in the wild, such as deer, wolves and bears, have an automatic cleaning system. Insects like to attach themselves to animals to feed on the skin or blood. These parasites (寄生虫) can be unhealthy. But their “host” animals are constantly dropping skin and fur by a natural process. They also like to rub up against trees or rocks to comfort themselves, and this removes additional skin and fur. Along with old fur goes the dirt and parasites living in the fur. While these animals may sometimes take a bath when they enter or cross a river or lake, they don’t need the water to stay clean. They don’t get sweaty, because they don’t have sweat glands (汗腺) all over their bodies the way people do. Growing new skin and fur is enough to keep them clean.

Some animals and birds use dust to get clean. Chinchillas, a kind of small animal that lives in the mountains of South America, have a very fine fur. (They are raised for their fur, in fact.) If they took water baths, they might get too cold. So, instead, they roll around in fine dust, raising quite a cloud as they “bathe”. The dust helps to keep their fur and skin dry. This protects them from bacteria and parasites that enjoy warm and wet places. And the fine dust doesn’t stick in their fur for long. It falls off or blows away.

As for lions and tigers, their rough tongues act like combs and can remove dirt and loose fur. Why is it important for them to stay clean and smooth? It helps them stay cool in very hot summer or feel warm in cold winter.

 

64. What’s the main idea of this passage?

A. Animals enjoy living in a clean environment.

B. Animals fight against parasites in different ways.

C. Unlike people, animals hate staying in water.

D. For animals, cleanliness is a survival skill.

65. According to the passage, such animals as deer, wolves and bears clean themselves by        .

A. living with parasites

B. replacing their skin and fur naturally

C. climbing trees or rocks

D. having a bath in a river or lake

66. It can be inferred from the passage that the way some animals stay clean        .

A. is decided by their physical conditions

B. is better than the way people do

C. keeps them away from parasites all the time

D. helps them survive any danger in the wild

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